Additional Questions - Chapter 2 Plant Kingdom 11th Biology Botany Guide Samacheer Kalvi Solutions - SaraNextGen [2024-2025]

Updated By SaraNextGen

On April 24, 2024, 11:35 AM

Additional Questions and Answers
I. Multiple Choice Questions
Choose the correct answer
Question 1.
Gametophytic phase is
(a) triploid
(b) tetraploid
(c) haploid

(d) diploid
Answer:
(c) haploid
Question 2.
Haplodiplontic life cycle is seen in
(a) algae
(b) gymnosperm
(c) bryophytes
(d) angiosperm
Answer:
(c) bryophytes
Question 3.
Which algae leads an endozoic life in Hydra?
(a) Chlorella
(b) Gracilaria
(c) Ulothrix
(d) Chlamydomonas
Answer:
(a) Chlorella
Question 4.
Study of algae is called
(a) biology
(b) mycology
(c) bryology
(d) phycology
Answer:
(d) phycology
Question 5.
Siliceous walls are present in
(a) Chara
(b) Chlamydomonas
(c) Dunaliella

(d) Diatoms
Answer:
(d) Diatoms
Question 6.
In Chara, thallus is encrusted with
(a) calcium carbonate
(b) hydrogen sulphate
(c) silica
(d) ammonium carbonate
Answer:
(a) calcium carbonate
Question 7.
Pyrenoids are present in
(a) mitochondrion
(b) chloroplast
(c) ribosomes
(d) lysosomes
Answer:
(b) chloroplast
Question 8.
Type of vegetative reproduction seen in ulothrix is
(a) bulbils
(b) fission
(c) fragmentation
(d) tubers
Answer:
(c) fragmentation
Question 9.
are thin walled non - motile spores.
(a) Zoospores
(b) Akinetes
(c) Aplanospores

(d) Genunae
Answer:
(c) Aplanospores
Question 10.
Fusion of either morphologically or physiologically dissimilar gametes is called as
(a) isogamy
(b) anisogamy
(c) syngamy
(d) oogamy
Answer:
(b) anisogamy
Question 11.
According to Fritsch, the algae are classified into classes.
(a) 10
(b) 12
(c) 11
(d) 9
Answer:
(c) 11
Question 12.
Photosynthetic part of the phaeophyceae thallus Is called as
(a) holdfast
(b) stipes
(c) lamina
(d) fronds
Answer:
(d) fronds
Question 13.
A characteristic pigment of phaeophyceae is
(a) xanthophyle
(b) carotenoid

(c) fucoxanthin
(d) chlorophyll
Answer:
(c) fucoxanthin
Question 14.

............................. is used as single cell protein.
(a) Chlorella
(b) Kelps
(c) Chlamydomonas
(d) Spirogyra
Answer:
(a) Chlorella
Question 15.
Gelidium belongs to members.
(a) Rhodophyccae
(b) Phaeophyceae
(c) Cyanophyccae
(d) Dinophyceae
Answer:
(a) Rhodophyceae
Question 16.
Carrageenan is obtained from
(a) Chlorella
(b) Chara
(c) Chondrus
(d) Chlamydomonas
Answer:
(c) Chondrus
Question 17.
....................... are the amphibians of the plant kingdom.
(a) Pteridophytes
(b) Algae

(c) Gymnosperms
(d) Bryophytes
Answer:
(d) Bryophytes
Question 18.
Marchantia vegetatively propagates by
(a) tubers
(b) gemmae
(c) buds
(d) brood bodies
Answer:
(b) gemmae
Question 19.
Peat is obtained from
(a) Anthoceros
(b) Dendroceros
(c) Sphagnum
(d) Funaria
Answer:
(c) Sphagnum
Question 20.
..................... is a bryophyte used to cure pulmonary tuberculosis.
(a) Marchantia polymorpha
(b) Polytrichum
(c) Sphagnum
(d) Bryum
Answer:
(a) Marchantia polymorpha
Question 21.
Type of stele seen in Marsilea is
(a) Protostele
(b) Siphonostele

(c) Adiantum
Answer:
(b) Siphonostele
Question 22.
Which of the following pteridophyte is used as a biofertiliser?
(a) Marsilea
(b) Pteridium
(c) Pteris
(d) Azolla
Answer:
(d) Azolla
Question 23.
Which of the following is naked seed producing plant?
(a) Angiosperm
(b) Gymnosperm
(c) Pteridophytes
(d) Bryophytes
Answer:
(b) Gymnosperm
Question 24.
Amber is obtained from
(a) Angiosperm
(b) Gymnosperm
(c) Pteridophytes
(d) Bryophytes
Answer:
(b) Gymnosperm
Question 25.
Coralloid roots of cycas have symbiotic association with
(a) Blue green algae
(b) Mycorrhiza
(c) Euglena

(d) Rhizobium
Answer:
(a) Blue green algae
Question 26.
Pinus roots are in symbiotic relationship with
(a) Blue green algae
(b) Mycorrhiza
(c) Euglena
(d) Rhizobium
Answer:
(b) Mycorrhiza
Question 27.
Which is not a class of Gymnosperm?
(a) Lycopodia
(b) Cycadopsida
(c) Coniferopsida
(d) gnetopsida
Answer:
(a) Lycopodia
Question 28.
The endosperm of gymnosperm is
(a) haploid
(b) triploid
(c) diploid
(d) Poliploidy
Answer:
(a) haploid
Question 29.
Shiwalik fossil park is located at
(a) Madhya Pradesh
(b) Himachal Pradesh
(c) Rajmahal hills

(d) Jharkhand
Answer:
(b) Himachal Pradesh
Question 30.
When does the angiosperm appeared on Earth?
(a) Devonian
(b) Cambrian
(c) Early cretaceous
Answer:
(c) Early cretaceous
Question 31.
Which is also called as vascular cryptogam?
(a) Gymnosperms
(b) Pteridophytes
(c) Bryophytes
(d) Algae
Answer:
(b) Pteridophytes
Question 32.
Which is not a cryptogam?
(a) Algae
(b) Bryophytes
(c) Pteridophyta
(d) Angiospermae
Answer:
(d) Angiospermae
Question 33.
is a haiophytic alga.
(a) Chlamydomonas nivalis
(b) Dunaliella salina
(c) Coleochaete
(d) Volvox

Answer:
(b) Dunaliella salina
Question 34.
Who is called as the Father of Indian Phycology?
(a) M.O. Parthasarathy
(b) Y. Bharadwaja
(c) V.S. Sundaralingam
(d) V. Desikachary
Answer:
(a) M.O. Parthasarathy
Question 35.
Wedge shaped modified branches developed by Sphacelaria are called as
(a) Buds
(b) Akinetes
(c) Tubers
(d) Bulbils
Answer:
(d) Bulbils
Question 36.
Pteridophytes were abundant in the period.
(a) Cambrian
(b) Precambrian
(c) Devonian
(d) Cretaceous
Answer:
(c) Devonian
Question 37.
Heterospory is originated in
(a) Gymnosperms
(b) Pteridophytes
(c) Bryophytes

(d) Algae
Answer:
(b) Pteridophytes
Question 38.
Sago is obtained from
(a) Cycas revoluta
(b) Pinus roxburghii
(c) Finus insularis
(d) Cedrus deodara
Answer:
(a) Cycas revoluta
II. Very Short Answer Type Questions (2 Marks)
Question 1.
Define alternation of generation.
Answer:
Alternation of the haploid gametophytic phase $(\mathrm{n})$ with diploid sporophytic phase $(2 n)$ during the life cycle is called alternation of generation.
Question 2.
Name any two marine algae.
Answer:
Two marine alga:
1. Gracilaria and
2. Sargassum
Question 3.
Name any two fresh water algae.
Answer:
Two fresh water algae:
1. Oedogonium and
2. Ulothrix

Question 4.
Mention any two endozoic algae.
Answer:
Two endozoic algae:
1. Chlorella and
2. Cladophora crispata.
Question 5.
Define Phycology.
Answer:
The study of algae is called as phycology or algology.
Question 6.
Define epiphytic algae with an example.
Answer:
Algae growing on the surface of aquatic plants are called as epiphytic algae.
Example: Coleochaete.
Question 7.
Name few eminent algologist.
Answer:
F.E. Fritsch, F.E. Round, Y. Bharadwaja and T.V. Desikachary
Question 8.
Write the chemical composition of algae cell wall.
Answer:
Cellulose and hemicellulose.
Question 9.
List out the criteria involved in algal classification.
Answer:
Pigmentation, reserve food materials and flagellation pattern.
Question 10.
What are pyrenoids? Mention its role.
Answer:

Pyrenoids are proteinaceous bodies found in chromatophores of algae and assist in the synthesis and storage of starch.
Question 11.
Distinguish between Isogamy and Oogamy with example.
Answer:
Between Isogamy Oogamy with example:

Question 12.
Which is the reserve food material of phaeophyceae members.
Answer:
Mannitol and Laminarin starch.
Question 13.
Name the male \& female sex organ of Rhodophyceae members.
Answer:
Male sex organ is called spermatangium. Female sex organ is called carpogonium.
Question 14.
Which is responsible for pigmentation of Brown algae?
Answer:
A golden brown pigment called fucoxanthin is present and it gives shades of colour from olive green to brown to the algal members of Phaeophyceae.
Question 15.
Mention any two algae members used in Agar - Agar production.
Answer:
Two algae member used in Agar - Agar production:
1. Gracilaria and
2. Gigartina.
Question 16.
Bryophytes are amphibians of plant kingdom - Justify.
Answer:
Bryophytes are called as 'amphibians of plant kingdom' because they need water for completing their life cycle.
Question 17.
Why bryophytes are called as Non - vascular cryptogam?
Answer:
Vascular tissue like xylem and phloem are completely absent in bryophytes, hence called as 'Non - vascular cryptogams'.
Question 18.
Which type of sexual reproduction occurs in Bryophytes. Name the male $\&$ female parts.
Answer:
Sexual reproduction is Oogamous. Male sex organ is called as Antheridia. Female sex organ is called as Archegonia.
Question 19.
What are sporophylls?
Answer:
Sporophylls are the special leaves on which spore bearing sporangia are borne. Sporophylls organize to form strobilus or cone.
Question 20.
Compare Eusporangiate and Leptosporangiate.
Answer:
Eusporangiate and Leptosporangiate:

Question 21.
Differentiate homospory and heterospory with example.
Answer:
Homospory and Heterospory With Example:

Question 22.
Which period, does the pteridophytes dominate the surface?
Answer:
Devonian period of Paleozoic era.
Question 23.
List out the ways of vegetative propagation by Pteridophytes.
Answer:
Fragmentation, resting buds, root tubers and adventitious buds.
Question 24.
Define Stele $\&$ mention its types.
Answer:
Stele refers to the central cylinder of vascular tissues consisting of xylem, phloem. pericycle and sometimes medullary rays with pith. There are two types of steles:
1. Protostele
2. Siphonostele
Question 25.
Distinguish between Protostele \& Siphonostele.
Answer:

Question 26.
Deflne Eustele?
Answer:
The stele is split into distinct collateral vascular bundles around the pith.
Example: Dicot stem.
Question 27.
What Is amber? Which group of plants produce amber?
Answer:
Amber is a plant secretion that is a efficient preservative that doesn't get degraded and hence can preserve remains of extinct life forms. The amber is produced by Pinites succinifera, a Gymnosperm.
Question 28.
Which period, does the gymnosperm dominate the Earth?
Answer:
Jurassic and Cretaceous periods of Mesozoic era.
Question 29.
Distinguish between Manoxylic \& Pycnoxylic.
Answer:

Question 30.
Define Siphonogamous condition.
Answer:
Siphonogainy refers to the development of pollen tubes for the transfer of male nuclei to egg cell.
Question 31.
Mention any two common features for both gymnosperm \& angiosperm.
Answer:
Two common features for both gymnosperm \& angiosperm.:
1. Production of seeds
2. Presence of Eustele
Question 32.
What is Canada balsam. Add a note on it.
Answer:
Canada balsam is a resin obtained from Abies balsamea. It is used as mounting medium in permanent slide preparation.
Question 33.
Why do we use the term 'form genera' for fossil plants?
Answer:
The term 'form genera' is used to name the fossil plants because the whole plant is not recovered as fossils instead organs or parts of the extinct plants are obtained in fragments.

Question 34.
Name few fossil sites of india.
Answer:
few fossil sites of india:

Question 35.
Mention the names of any two fossil gymnosperm.
Answer:
Medullosa, Lepidocarpon and Lepidodendron.
Question 36.
Which group of plants dominate the Earth today? Define it.
Answer:
Angiosperms are the group of plants producing ovules enclosed by ovary.
Question 37.
What is an open vascular bundle?
Answer:
A vascular bundle is open when it has Cambium.
Question 38.
What is a closed vascular bundle?
Answer:
A vascular bundle is closed when it does not have Cambium.
Question 39.
Mention any two morphological differences between Dicot \& Monocot.
Answer:
Two morphological differences between Dicot:
1. Leaves show reticulate venation
2. Flowers are tetramerous or pentamerous

Two morphological differences between Monocot:
1. Leaves show parallel venation
2. Flowers are trimerous
Question 40.
Name the two divisions of spermatophyta?
Answer:
The two divisions are:
1. Gymnospermae and
2. Angiospermae
Question 41.
What are brood bodies?
Answer:
Brood bodies are the small detachable branches which help in vegetative propagation.
e.g., Bryopteris fruticulosa.
Question 42.
What are gemmae?
Answer:
Gemmae are small propagative structures which help in asexual reproduction. e.g., Marchantia.
III. Short Answer Type Questions (3 Marks)

Question 1.
What are cryptogam? Mention its division.
Answer:
Cryptogams are non - flowering or non - seed producing plants. It has been divided into Algae, Bryophytes and Pteridophytes.
Question 2.
In which group of plants we can observe Haplodiplontic life cycle? Draw a diagram of Haplodiplontic life cycle.
Answer:
Bryophytes and Pteridophytes:

Life cycle patterns in plants - Haplo-diplontic
Question 3.
Name the 3 types of life cycles seen in plants?
Answer:
The 3 types of life cycles seen in plant:
1. Haplontic life cycle
2. Diplontic life cycle
3. Haplodiplontic life cycle
Question 4.
Where can we see cryophytic \& halophytic algae? Give example.
Answer:
Cryophytic & Halophytic Algae:

- Cryophytic algae grow on snow. e.g., Chlamydomonas nivalis.
- Halophytic algae grow in salt pans, e.g., Dunaliella salina.
Question 5.
List out the various types of vegetative reproduction seen in algae.
Answer:
Fission, fragmentation, budding, bulbils, tubers.
Question 6.
List out the various asexual spores produced by algae.
Answer:
Zoospores, aplanospores, autospores, hypnospores, tetraspores and akinetes.
Question 7.
Write any three differences between chlorophyceae and phaeophyceae members?
Answer:

Question 8.
Define exoscopic embryogeny.
Answer:
In exoscopic embryogeny, the first division of the zygote is transverse \& form inner and outer cell. The apex of the embryo develops from outer cell.
Question 9.
Name the three classes of Bryophytes, according to Proskauer.
Answer:
Three Classes of Bryophytes, According to Proskauer:
1. Hepaticopsida
2. Anthocerotopsida and
3. Bryopsida.

Question 10.
How peat is obtained? Write its economic value.
Answer:
A large amount of dead thallus of Sphagnum gets accumulated and compressed, hardened to form peat. It is used as fuel in commercial scale (Netherlands). Nitrates, brown dye and tanning materials are derived from peat. Sphagnum and peat are also used in horticulture as packing material because of their water holding capacity.
Question 11.
Mention any three Pteridophytes and their economic value.
Answer:
Economic Importance of Pteridophyte:
Pteridophyte:
- Marsilea
- Azolla
- Pteris vittata
Uses:
- Food
- Biofertilizer
- Removal of heavy metals from soils - Bioremediation

Question 12.
How the vascular plants dominate the Earth?
Answer:
The success and dominance of vascular plants is due to the development of,
1. Extensive root system.
2. Efficient conducting tissues.
3. Cuticle to prevent desiccation.
4. Stomata for effective gaseous exchange.
Question 13.
Name the three classes of gymnosperms.
Answer:
Three Classes of Gymnosperms:

1. Cycadospsida
2. Coniferopsida and
3. Gnetopsida.
Question 14.
Name any three economically important products \& uses of the gymnosperm plants.
Answer:
Three economically important products \& uses of the gymnosperm plants:

Question 15.
Compare the anatomical features between Dicots \& Monocots.
Answer:

IV. Long Answer Type Questions (5 Marks)
Question 1.
Explain in detail about the various life cycle patterns in plants.
Answer:
Life cycle patterns in plants: Alternation of Generation: Alternation of generation is common in all plants. Alternation of the haploid gametophytic phase $(n)$ with diploid sporophytic phase $(2 n)$ during the life cycle is called alternation of generation. Following type of life cycles are found in plants:
(a) Haplontic life cycle: Gametophytic phase is dominant. photosynthetic and independent, whereas sporophytic phase is represented by the zygote. Zygote undergoes meiosis to restore haploid condition. Example: Volvox and Spimgyra.
(b) Diplontic life cycle: Sporophytic phase $(2 n)$ is dominant, photosynthetic and independent. The gametophytic phase is represented by the single to few celled gametophyte. The gametes fuse to form zygote which develops into sporophyte. e.g., Fucus, gymnosperms and angiosperms.
(c) Haplodiplontic life cycle: This type of life cycle is found in Bryophytes and pteridophytes which is intermediate between haplontic and diplontic type. Both the phases are multicellular, but they differ in their dominant phase.

In Bryophytes dominant independent phase is gametophyte and it alternates with short - lived multicellular sporophyte totally or partially dependent on the gametophyte. In Pteridophytes sporophyte is the independent phase. It alternates with multicellular saprophytic or autotrophic, independent, short lived gametophyte $(n)$.
Question 2.
Write a note on diversified thallus organisation seen in algae with examples.
Answer:
A wide range ofthallus organisation is found in algae. Unicellular motile (Chlamydomonas), unicellular non-motile (Chlorella), Colonial motile (Volvox), Colonial non-motile (Hydrodictyon), siphonous (Vaucheria), unbranched filamentous (Spirogyra), branched filamentous (Cladophora), discoid (Coleochaete) heterotrichous (Fritschiella), Foliaceous (Ulva) to Giant Kelps (Laminaria and Macrocystis).
Question 3.
Describe the various types of sexual reproduction observed in algae.

Answer:
Sexual reproduction in algae are of three type:
1. Isogamy: Fusion of morphologically and Physiologically similar gametes E.g. Ulothrix.
2. Anisogamy: Fusion of either morphologically or physiologically dissimilar gametes E.g. Pandorina

3. Oogamy: Fusion of both morphologically and physiologically dissimilar gametes. E.g. Sargassum.
The life cycle shows distinct alternation of generation.
Question 4.
Describe the salient features of Chlorophyceae members.
Answer:
The salient features of Chlorophyceae members:
1. Chlorophyceae commonly called as green algae.
2. Mostly aquatic (fresh water or marine), few terrestrial.
3. Shape of chloroplast differs. It may be cup shaped (Chlamydomonas) or girdle - shaped or reticulate, or stellate etc.
4. Chlorophyll ' $a$ ' and ' $b$ ' are photosynthetic pigments.
5. Pyrenoids store starch $\&$ also proteins.
6. Outer cell wall is made of pectin and inner is cellulose.
7. Vegetative reproduction is by fragmentation.

8. Asexual reproduction by zoospores, aplanospores and akinetes.
9. Sexual reproduction may be isogamous, anisogamous or oogamous. E.g. Chlamydomonas, Volvox and Spirogyra.
Question 5.
Describe the salient features of Phaeophyceae members.
Answer:
The salient features of Phaeophyceae members:
1. Phaeophyceae commonly called as Brown algae.
2. Majority are marine habitats. Pleurocladia is a fresh water form.
3. Thallus may be filamentous, frond - like or giant kelps.
4. Thallus is differentiated into photosynthetic part-frond, stalk - like structure - stipe and a holdfast for attachment.
5. Chlorophyll ' $a$ ' and ' $c$ ', carotenoids and Xanthophylls are photosynthetic pigments.
6. A golden brown fucoxanthin pigment gives olive green to brown colour.
7. Mannitol and Laminarin starch is the storage material.
8. Motile spores with unequal flagella (one whiplash and one tinsel) are present.

9. Oogamous is the major type of sexual reproduction. Isogamy is also seen.
10.Alternation of generation is seen. Example: Sargassum, Fucus, Laminaria and Dictyota.
Question 6.
Describe the salient features of Rhodophyceae.
Answer:
The salient features of Rhodophyceae:
1. Rhodophyceae commonly called as red algae.
2. Mostly marine habitats.
3. The thallus is multicellular, macroscopic, and may be filamentous, ribbon - like etc.
4. Chlorophyll 'a', r-phycoerythrin and r-phycocyanin are photosynthetic pigments.
5. Asexual reproduction is by means of monospores, neutral spores and tetraspores.
6. Floridean starch is the storage material
7. Sexual reproduction in oogamous.
8. Male sex organ is spermatangium producing spermatium.
9. Female sex organ is carpogonium.
10.Spermatium is carried by water and fuses with egg forming zygote.
11.Zygote undergoes meiosis forming carpospores.
12.Alternation of generation is seen. Example: Ceramium, Gelidium and Gigartina.

Question 7.
Tabulate the economic importance of algae.
Answer:
Economic importance of Algae:

Question 8.
Enumerate the general character of Bryophytes.
Answer:
The general character of Bryophytes:
1. Bryophytes are non - vascular cryptogams due to absence of xylem \& phloem.
2. The plant body is a gametophyte and it is conspicuous, long - lived.
3. Plant body is undifferentiated into root, stem \& leaves. Thalloid forms with rhizoids are seen in liverworts \& hornworts. Leaf - like and stem like structures are seen in mosses.
4. Vegetative reproduction is by adventitious buds, tubers, brood bodies or by gemmae.
5. Sexual reproduction is oogamous producing Antheridia \& Archegonia in multicellular protective coverings.
6. Antheridia produces biflagellate antherozoids which swims in water $\&$ fuse with egg forming diploid zygote.

7. Water is essential for fertilization.
8. Zygote is the first cell of sporophyte. Zygote undergoes mitotics forming undifferentiated embryo, forming sporophyte. The embryogeny is exoscopic.
9. Sporophyte is dependent on gametophyte.
10.Sporophyte is differentiated into foot, seta \& capsule.
11.Capsule of Sporophyte produces haploid spores by meiosis.
12.Bryophtyes are homosporous which are dispersed by elaters.
13.Spores germinate producing haploid gametophyte.
14. Heterologous alternation of generation.
15.Proskauer classified bryophytes into 3 classes,
Hepaticopsida(Riccia),Anthocerotopsida (Anthoceros) and Bryopsida (Funaria).
Question 9.
List out the general characters of Pteridophytes.
Answer:
General characteristic features of Pteridophytes:
1. Plant body is sporophyte $(2 n)$ and it is the dominant phase. It is differentiated into root, stem and leaves.
2. Roots are adventitious.
3. Stem shows monopodial or dichotomous branching.
4. Leaves may be microphyllous or megaphyllous.
5. Stele is protostele but in some forms siphonostele is present (Marsilea)
6. Tracheids are the major water conducting elements but in Selaginella vessels are found.
7. Sporangia, spore bearing bag like structures are borne on special leaves called sporophyll. The sporophylls gets organized to form cone or strobilus. e.g., Selaginella and Equisetum.
8. They may be homosporous (produce one type of spores - Lycopodium) or Heterosporous (produce two types of shorts - Selaginella). Heterospory is the origin for seed habit.
9. Development of sporangia may be eusporangiate (development of sporangium from group of initials) or leptosporangiate (development of sporangium from single initial).
10.Spore mother cells undergo meiosis and produce spores $(n)$.
11.Spore germinates to produce haploid, multicellular green, cordate shaped independent gametophytes called prothallus.
12. Fragmentation, resting buds, root tubers and adventitious buds help in vegetative reproduction.
13.Sexual reproduction is Oogamous. Sex organs, namely antheridium and archegonium are produced on the prothallus.

14.Antheridium produces spirally coiled and multiflagellate antherozoids.
15.Archegonium is flask shaped with broad venter and elongated narrow neck. The venter possesses egg or ovum and neck contain neck canal cells.
16. Water is essential for fertilization. After fertilization a diploid zygote is formed and undergoes mitotic division to form embryo.
17.Pteridophytes show apogamy and apospory.
Question 10.
Write a note on economic importance of Pteridophytes.
Answer:
A note on economic importance of Pteridophytes:
Pteridophyte:
1. Rumohra adiantiformis (leather leaf fem)
2. Marsilea
3. Azolla
4. Dryopteris filix - mas
5. Pteris vittata
6. Pteridium sp.
7. Equisetum sp.
8. Psilotum, Lycopodium, Selaginella, Angiopteris, Marattia.

Uses:
1. Cut flower arrangements
2. Food
3. Biofertilizer
4. Treatment for tapeworm
5. Removal of heavy metals from soils - Bioremediation
6. Leaves yield green dye
7. Stems for scouring
8. Ornamental plants
Question 11.
What is protostele? Explain its types.
Answer:
In protostele xylem surrounds phloem. The type includes Haplostele, Actinostele, Plectostele and mixed protostele.
1. Haplostele: Xylem surrounded by phloem is known as haplostele. E.g. Selaginella.
2. Actinostele: Star shaped xylem core is surrounded by phloem is known as actinostele. E.g. Lycopodium serratum.
3. Plectostele: Xylem plates alternates with phloem plates. E.g. Lycopodium clavatum.
4. Mixed prototostele: Xylem groups uniformly scattered in the phloem. E.g. Lycopodium cernuum.

Question 12.
Define Siphonostele. Explain its types.
Answer:
In siphonostele xylem is surrounded by phloem with pith at the centre. It includes Ectophloic siphonostele, Amphiphloic siphonostele, Solenostele, Eustele, Atactostele and Polycylic stele.
1. Ectophloic siphonostele: The phloem is restricted only on the external side of the xylem. Pith is in centre. E.g. Osmunda.
2. Amphiphloic siphonostele: The phloem is present on both the sides of xylem. The pith is in the centre. E.g. Marsilea.
3. Solenostele: The stele is perforated at a place or places corresponding the origin of the leaf trace.
- Ectophloic solenostele - Pith is in the centre and the xylem is surrounded by phloem. E.g. Osmunda.
- Amphiphloic solenostele - Pith is in the centre and the phloem is present on both sides of the xylem. E.g. Adiantum pedatum.

- Dictyostele - The stele is separated into several vascular strands and each one is called meristele. E.g. Adiantum capillus - veneris.
4. Eustele: The stele is split into distinct collateral vascular bundles around the pith. E.g. Dicot stem.
5. Atactostele: The stele is split into distinct collateral vascular bundles and are scattered in the ground tissue. E.g. Monocot stem.
6. Polycyclic stele: The vascular tissues are present in the form of two or more concentric cylinders. E.g. Pteridium.
Question 13.
Point out the general characters of Gymnosperms.
Answer:
General characteristic features:
1. Most of the gymnosperms are evergreen woody trees or shrubs. Some are lianas (Gnetum)
2. The plant body is sporophyte and is differentiated into root, stem and leaves.
3. A well developed Tap root system is present. Coralloid Roots of Cycas have symbiotic association with blue green algae. In Pinus the roots have mycorrhizae.
4. The stem is aerial, erect and branched or unbranched (Cycas) with leaf scars.
5. In conifers two types of branches namely branches of limited growth (Dwarf shoot) and Branches of unlimited growth (Long shoot) is present.
6. Leaves are dimorphic, foliage and scale leaves are present. Foliage leaves are green, photosynthetic and borne on branches of limited growth. They show xerophytic features.
7. The xylem consists of tracheids but in Gnetum and Ephedra vessels are present.
8. Secondary growth is present. The wood may be Manoxylic (Porous, soft, more parenchyma with wide medullary ray - Cycas) or Pycnoxylic (compact with narrow medullary ray - Pinus).
9. They are Heterosporous. The plant may be monoecious (Pinus) or dioecious (Cycas).
10.Microsporangia and Megasporangia are produced on Microsporophyll and Megasporophyll respectively.
11. Male and female cones are produced.
12.Anemophilous pollination is present.
13. Fertilization is siphonogamous and pollen tube helps in the transfer of male nuclei.
14.Sporne (1965) classified gymnosperms into 3 classes, 9 orders and 31 families. The classes include

- Cycadospsida
- Coniferopsida
- Gnetopsida.
Question 14.
List out the features common for both Gymnosperms \& Angiosperms.
Answer:
Gymnosperms resemble with angiosperms in the following features:
1. Presence of well organised plant body which is differentiated into roots, stem and leaves
2. Polyembryony (presence of many embryo). The naked ovule develops into seed. The endosperm is haploid and develop before fertilization.
3. The life cycle shows alternation of generation. The sporophytic phase is dominant and gametophytic phase is highly reduced.
4. Presence of cambium in gymnosperms as in dicotyledons.
5. Flowers in Gnetum resemble to the angiosperm male flower. The Zygote represent the first cell of sporophyte.
6. Presence of integument around the ovule.
7. Both plant groups produce seeds
8. Pollen tube helps in the transfer of male nucleus in both.
9. Presence of Eustele.

Question 15.
Differentiate the characters of Gymnosperm \& Angiosperm.
Answer:
Difference between Gymnosperms and Angiosperms:
Gymnosperms:
1. Vessels are absent [except Gnetales]
2. Phloem lacks companion cells
3. Ovules are naked
4. Wind pollination only
5. Double fertilization is absent
6. Endosperm is haploid
7. Fruit formation is absent
8. Flowers absent
Angiosperms:
1. Vessels are present
2. Companion cells are present
3. Ovules are enclosed within the ovary
4. Insects, wind, water, animals etc., act as pollinating agents
5. Double fertilization is present
6. Endosperm is triploid
7. Fruit formation is present
8. Flowers present

Question 16.
List out the economic importance of Gymnosperms.
Answer:
Economic importance of Gymnosperms:

Question 17.
List Out the salient' features of Anglosperms.
Answer:
Salient features of Anglosperms:
1. Vascular tissue (Xylem and Phloem) is well developed.
2. Flowers are produced instead of cone.
3. The embryosac (Ovule) remains enclosed in the ovary.
4. Pollen tube helps in fertilization, so water is not essential for fertilization.
5. Double fertilization is present. The endosperm is triploid.
6. Angiosperms are broadly classified into two classes namely Dicotyledons and Monocotyledons.
Question 18.
Distinguish between Dicotyledons and Monocotyledons.
Answer:

V. Higher Order Thinking Skills (HOTs)
Question 1.
State which were the first true land plants? Mention two Characteristics features of these plants.
Answer:
Pteridophytes are the first true land plants. Pteridophytes are the first plants to acquire vascular tissue. Heterosporous condition was developed from Pteridophytes.
Question 2.
Give a comparative account of the following:
(a) Marchantia and Marsilea
(b) Cycas and rose
Answer:

(a) Marchantia is a Bryophyte whereas Marsilea is a Pteridophyte.
(b) Cycas is a gymnospermic plant and rose is a angiospermic plant.
Question 3.
Why are angiosperms so called? In which structures do the seeds develop?
Answer:
Angiosperms are so called because these plants have covered seeds. Seed of angiosperms develop within the ovary which later modify into fruit.
Question 4.
Name the gymnosperms that are exception with regard - to vascular tissue.
Answer:
All the gymnosperms possess tracheids as conducting tissues whereas gymnosperms like Gnetum \& Ephedra possess vessels as their conducting tissues.
Question 5.
Both gymnosperms \& angiosperms are seed bearers. Yet they are classified separately. Why?
Answer:
Gymnosperms and angiosperms are classified separately because the seeds of the angiosperms are enclosed by ovary (fruit wall) whereas the gymnospermic seeds are naked (not covered by ovary).

Question 6.
Bryophytes maintain soil texture - comment.
Answer:
Bryophytes play a major role in soil formation through succession and help in soil conservation.
Question 7.
Why heterosporous condition is advanced?
Answer:
Heterospory refers to the development of two different types of spores.
Heterospory is the origin for seed habit.
Question 8.
Associate the following features with groups in which they first appeared.
(a) Vascular tissues
(b) Seeds inside fruits

(c) Heterospore production
Answer:
(a) Vascular tissues - Pteridophytes
(b) Seeds inside fruits - Angiosperms
(c) Heterospory - Pteridophytes.