Additional Questions - Chapter 1 The Living World 11th Biology Zoology Guide Samacheer Kalvi Solutions - SaraNextGen [2024-2025]

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On April 24, 2024, 11:35 AM

Additional Questions Solved
Multiple Choice Questions
Choose the correct answer:

Question 1.
Which of the following is not correct with regard to ecosystem?
(a) It includes living and non-living things.
(b) It shows interrelationship among living things.
(c) It shows interrelationship among living and non-living things.
(d) It has a large number of species.
Answer:
(b) It shows interrelationship among living things.
Question 2.
Who was known as the father of Botany?
(a) Aristotle
(b) Carolus Linnaeus
(c) John Ray
(d) Theophrastus
Answer:
(d) Theophrastus
Question 3.
Who developed the scientific system of Taxonomy and Binomial nomenclature?
(a) R.H. Whittaker
(b) Carolus Linnaeus
(c) John Ray
(d) Charles Darwin
Answer:
(b) Carolus Linnaeus
Question 4.
The system of classification of organisms based on evolutionary and genetic relationship among organisms is called as -
(a) Natural system of classification
(b) Phylogenetic system of classification
(c) Binomial classification
(d) Trinomial classification

Answer:
(b) Phylogenetic system of classification
Question 5.
The bacteria which live in salty environment are called -
(a) Theromoacidophiles
(b) Methanogens
(c) Halophiles
(d) Pathogens
Answer:
(c) Halophiles
Question 6.
Which of the following is the characteristics of the domain Bacteria?
(a) They are eukaryotic organisms
(b) They have true nucleus and membrane bound organelles
(c) The ribosomes are of $80 \mathrm{~s}$ type in the cytoplasm
(d) They have membrane bound $70 \mathrm{~s}$ type ribosomes.
Answer:
(d) They have membrane bound $70 \mathrm{~s}$ type ribosomes.
Question 7.
Which of the following is not correct with regard to species?
(a) They have similar morphological features
(b) They are reproductively isolated
(c) They produce viable young ones
(d) They have similar anatomical features
Answer:
(b) They are reproductively isolated
Question 8.
The cross between male lion and female tiger results in the production of -
(a) Mule
(b) Tigon
(c) Liger
(d) Hinny

Answer:
(c) Liger
Question 9.
The related families constitute -
(a) Clans
(b) Phylum
(c) Genus
(d) Order
Answer:
(d) Order
Question 10.
Which of the following is not related to scientific names of organisms?
(a) There is only one name for a species.
(b) They are universally accepted.
(c) They are named based on the guidelines of the ICZN.
(d) They are not unique to an organism.
Answer:
(d) They are not unique to an organism.
Question 11.
Naja naja is the zoological name of -
(a) Indian house crow
(b) Indian cobra
(c) Emerald dove
(d) Indian pea fowl
Answer:
(b) Indian cobra
Question 12.
Origin of species is the book written by -
(a) John Ray
(b) Charles Darwin
(c) Linnaeus
(d) Aristotle

Answer:
(b) Charles Darwin
Question 13.
Taxonomical keys are useful to study -
(a) Similarities and dissimilarities of animals
(b) Preserved plants and animals
(c) Animals kept in protected environments
(d) Plant taxonomy
Answer:
(a) Similarities and dissimilarities of animals
Question 14.
DNA hybridization is helpful to -
(a) Identify an individual from a sample of DNA
(b) Detect difference in homologous DNA sequences
(c) Measure the degree of genetic similarity between pools of DNA sequences
(d) Amplify a specific gene
Answer:
(c) Measure the degree of genetic similarity between pools of DNA sequences
Question 15.
DAISY, the cyber tool is -
(a) Digital automated identification system
(b) Digital automated information system
(c) Direct automated identification system
(d) Digital automated identification science
Answer:
(a) Digital automated identification system
Question 16.
INOTAXA is an e-Taxonomic resource useful for -
(a) Studying electron microscopic images to study molecular structures of cell organelles.
(b) Digital images and description about the species.
(c) Studying behaviour of organisms

(d) Identifying digital resources of animals.
Answer:
(b) Digital images and description about the species.
II. Give Reasons
Question 1.
Classification of organisms is necessary.
Answer:
Classification of organisms is necessary to recognise, identify them and differentiate closely related species.
Question 2.
Extremophiles inhabiting volcanic vents prepare food.
Answer:
Extremophiles inhabiting volcanic vents prepare food without sunlight and oxygen by utilizing hydrogen peroxide and other chemicals through chemosynthesis.
Question 3.
The mating between difference species produces sterile off springs.
Answer:
The maternal and paternal chromosomes of the off springs produced by the mating between different species are not identical and hence gametes are not produced by meiotic division.
Question 4.
Nomenclature of organisms is necessary.
Answer:
The unique nomenclature for each organisms is necessary as it is uniform in all countries and in all languages. A scientific name refers to only one organism.
Question 5.
Why are molecular tools used now to study taxonomy?
Answer:
Molecular tools are accurate and authentic. Hence they are used to study taxonomy.

III. Match the following

Question 1.

Answer:
1. (d) A.G. Tansley
2. (c) AP de Candolle
3. (a) Walter Rosen
4. (e) John Ray
5. (b) Carolus Linnaeus
Question 2.

Answer:
1. (d) Extreme conditions
2. (a) Beneficial
3. (e) disease causing
4. (c) membrane bound organelles
5. (b) 70 s type of ribosomes
Question 3.

Answer:
1. (d) Jungle cat
2. (e) Emerald dove
3. (a) Pea fowl
4. (b) Red Panda
5. (c) Tiger
Question 4.

Answer:
1. (d) Aristotle
2. (c) John Ray
3. (a) Charles Darwin
4. (e) Carl Woese
5. (b) R.H. Whittaker
Question 5.

Answer:
1. (d) Preserved plants and animals
2. (b) Similarities and dissimilarities of organisms.
3. (e) Plant Taxonomy
4. (c) Difference in homologous DNA sequence
5. (a) Analysis of DNA
Short Answer Questions
Question 1.
Define ecosystem.
Answer:
Ecosystem is defined as a community of living organisms (plants and animals), non-living things (minerals, climate, soil, sunlight and water) and their interrelationships, e.g. Forest and grassland.
Question 2.
What is biodiversity?
Answer:
The presence of a large number of species in a particular ecosystem is called biodiversity.
Question 3.
Distinguish between living and non-living things.
Answer:

Question 4.
What is the need for classification?
Answer:
The basic need for classification are:
- To identify and differentiate closely related species.
- To know the variation among the species.
- To understand the evolution of the species.
- To create a phylogenetic tree among the different groups.
- To conveniently study living organisms.
Question 5.
Define Taxonomy.
Answer:
It is the branch of science of identifying, describing, naming and classifying organisms.
Question 6.
What are the features of systematics?
Answer:
- Identifying, describing, naming, arranging, preserving and documenting the organisms.
- Investigating evolutionary history of the species, their adaptations to the environment and the interrelationship among species.
Question 7.
How did Aristotle classify organisms?
Answer:
Aristotle classified living organisms into plants and animals. Animals were classified into walking (terrestrial), flying (birds) and swimming (aquatic) based on their locomotion. Based on the presence or absence of red blood animals were classified into Enaima and Anaima.

Question 8.
What are the limitations of Aristotle's classification?
Answer:
Many organisms were not fitting into his classification. Frogs have lungs and they are amphibians while their larva, tadpole is aquatic and respires through gills. It is difficult to classify frogs according to his method. All flying organisms such as birds, bats, flying insects were grouped together. Ostrich, emu and penguin are flightless birds and hence they cannot be classified by his method.
Question 9.
What is natural system of classification?
Answer:
Linnaeus considered a few characters of organisms for classifying them. Later many characters were considered for classifying organisms. Morphological, anatomical and embryological characters were considered.
Question 10.
What is numerical taxonomy?
Answer:
The evaluation of resemblances and differences of organisms through statistical methods followed by computer analysis to establish the numerical degree of relationship among them is known as numerical taxonomy.
Question 11.
What is phylogenetic classification or cladistics?
Answer:

The classification of organisms based on evolutionary and genetic relationship among them is known as phylogenetic classification.
Question 12.
What is cladogram?
Answer:
A tree diagram which represents the evolutionary relationship among organisms is known as cladogram.
Question 13.
What is cladistic classification?
Answer:
Cladistic classification is the method of classifying the organisms based on genetic differences among all species in a phylogenetic tree.
Question 14.
What is the significance of cladistic classification?
Answer:
Cladistic classification takes into account ancestral characters (traits commons for the entire group) and derived characters (traits whose structure and function differ from the ancestral characters). The accumulation of derived characters resulted in the formation of new subspecies.
Question 15.
Explain five kingdom classification of Whittaker.
Answer:
R.H. Whittaker (1969) proposed the Five kingdom classification. They included Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae and Animalia. He classified organisms based on cell structure, nutrition, reproduction and phylogenetic relationships.

Kinds of kingdom:

Question 16.
Describe three domain classification.
Answer:
Three domain classification was proposed by Carl Woese (1977) and his coworkers. They classified organisms based on the difference in 16s rRNA genes. This adds the taxon domain higher than the kingdom. In this system, prokaryotes are divided into two domains-bacteria and Arachaea.
All eukaryotes are placed under the domain Eukarya. Archae appears to have common features with Eukarya. Archaea differ from bacteria in cell wall composition and differ from bacteria and eukaryotes in membrane composition and RNA types.

Question 17.
Distinguish Archaea, Bacteria and Eukarya.
Answer:

Question 18.
Classify organisms on the basis of seven kingdom system.
Answer:

Question 19.
Define species.
Answer:
Species is a group of organisms that have similar morphological and physiological characters which can interbreed to produce fertile off springs.
Question 20.
Show the mating with closely related species.
Answer:
- Male Donkey - Female Horse - Mule
- Male Horse - Female donkey - Hinny
- Male lion - female tiger - Liger
- Male tiger - Female lion - Tiger
Question 21.
Distinguish between species and genus.
Answer:
Species:
- Species is a group of interbreeding population having similar characters.
- It is the basic unit of classification e.g. Felis domestica, genus species.
Genus:
- Genus is a group of related species.
- It is the second level in classification, e.g., Felis margarita genus species.

Question 22.
Distinguish between Family and Order.
Answer:
Family:
- Family is a group of related genera.
- It is the lower taxon e.g. felidae
Order:
- Order is a group of related families.
- It is the higher taxon e.g. Carnivora
Question 23.
Distinguish between Class and Phylum.
Answer:
Class:
1. The one or more related orders with some common characters is the class
2. It is the lower taxon e.g. Mammalia.
Phylum:
1. The related orders constitute the phylum.
2. It is the higher taxon, e.g. Chordata.
Question 24
What are the advantages of assigning nomenclature to organisms?
Answer:
Assigning nomenclature or scientific name to organisms have advantages.
- They are universally accepted.
- Each organism has unique nomenclature.
- It avoids confusion in naming the organisms.
Question 25.
What is binomial system of nomenclature?
Answer:
The system of naming the organism with two names, generic name and specific (species) name is known as binomial system of nomenclature, e.g. Pavo cristatus - Indian pea fowl.
Question 26.
What is trinomial system of nomenclature?
Answer:
The system of naming the organism with three names, generic name, specific name (species) and sub-species name is known as trinomial system of nomenclature, e.g. Corvus splendens -Indian house crow.
Question 27.
What are the rules to be followed in the nomenclature of organisms?
Answer:
The scientific name should be italicized in printed form and the generic name and specific name should be underlined separately if it is handwritten.

- The first alphabet of the generic name should be of uppercase.
- The specific name (species) should be in lower case letters.
- The name or abbreviated name of the scientist who first published the scientific name may be written after the specific (species) name along with the year of publication, e.g. Felis Leo Linn., 1958.
- If the specific (species) name is framed after any person's name, the name of the species shall end with i, ii or ae. e.g. Ground - dwelling lizard Cyrtodactylus varadgirii
Question 28.
What are the taxonomical tools used for the study of plants and animals?
Answer:
Herbarium and Botanical garden may be used as tools for the plant taxonomy. Museum, Taxonomical keys and Zoological parks are classical tools for animal studies. Field visits, survey, identification, classification, preservation and documentation are the important components of taxonomical tools.
Question 29.
Explain the classical taxonomical tools.
Answer:
Taxonomical tools are the tools for the study of classification of organisms. They include- Taxonomical keys: Keys are based on comparative analysis of the similarities and dissimilarities of organisms. There are separate keys for different taxonomic categories. Museum: Biological Museums have collection of preserved plants and animals for study and ready reference. Specimens of both extinct and living organisms can be studied.
Zoological parks:
These are places where wild animals are kept in protected environments under human care. It enables us to study their food habits and behavior.
Marine parks:

- Marine organisms are maintained in protected environments.
- Printed taxonomical tools: It consist of identification cards, description, field guides and manuals.
Question 30.
Name some Automated species identification tools or cybertools.
Answer:
ALIS : Automated Leafhopper Identification System.
DAISY : Digital Automated Identification System.
ABIS : Automatic Bee Identification System.
SPIDA : Species Identified Automatically (spiders, wasp, bee wing characters).
Draw wing : Honey bee wing identification.
Question 31.
What are neo - taxonomical tools?
Answer:
The new taxonomical tools which are based on electron microscopic images to study the molecular structure of cell organelles are neo-taxonomical tools.
Question 32.
What is INOTAXA?
Answer:
INOTAXA is an electronic resource for digital images and description about species. It was developed by Natural History Museum, London. INOTAXA means Integrated Open Taxonomic Access.
Question 33.
Scientists and their contribution for taxonomy.
Answer:
1. Ecosystem - A.G. Tansley, 1935
2. Biodiversity - Walter Rosen, 1985
3. Taxonomy - AP de Candolle
4. Father of Taxonomy (classical) - Aristotle
5. Father of modem taxonomy, Founder of modem systematics - Carolus Linnaeus
6. Aristotle - Historia Animalium

7. Theophrastus - Father of Botany
8. Species - John Ray $(1627-1708)$
9. Five kingdom classification - R.H. Whittaker (1969)
10.Three domain classification - Carl Woese (1977)
11.Seven kingdom classification - Cavalier- Smith (1987)
12. Binomial nomenclature - Carolus Linnaeus
13.John Ray - Methodus Plantarum Nova and Historia Generalis Plantarum
14.Trinomial nomenclature - Huxley and Stricklandt
15. Charles Darwin - Origin of species
16.Ernst Haeckal - Cladogram
Question 34.
Distinguish between Monotypic genus and polytypic genus
Answer:
Monotypic genus:
- If a genus has only one species, it is called a monotypic genus.
- e.g. Ailurus fulgens (red panda)
Polytypic genus:
- If a genus has more than one species, it is called polytypic genus.
- e.g. Felis domestica Felis margarita