Additional Questions - Chapter 12 Trends in Economic Zoology 11th Biology Zoology Guide Samacheer Kalvi Solutions - SaraNextGen [2024-2025]

Updated By SaraNextGen

On April 24, 2024, 11:35 AM

Additional Questions & Answers
I. Choose The Correct Answer
Question 1.
During the process of vermiculture which of the following does not happen?
(a) Decomposition of organic food waste
(b) Supplying nutrients to the soil
(c) Use of earthworms in the process
(d) Synthesis of organic substances
Answer:
(d) Synthesis of organic substances

Question 2.
The breakdown of organic matter by the activity of the earthworms and its elimination from its body is called
(a) Vermitech
(b) Vermicast
(c) Vermicompost
(d) Vermiculture
Answer:
(b) Vermicast
Question 3.
The technology of composting and bioremediation of soils and other activities by application of earthworm is called?
(a) Vermitech
(b) Vermicast
(c) Vermicompost
(d) Vermiculture
Answer:
(a) Vermitech
Question 4.
Which is not related to humus formers?
(a) They are darker in colour
(b) They feed on organic matter
(c) They make the soil porous
(d) They are surface dwellers
Answer:

(c) They make the soil porous
Question 5.
Which of the following is the exotic species used for vermicomposting?
(a) Eudrilus eugeniae
(b) Lampito mauritii
(c) Periyonyx excavatus
(d) Octochaetona serrata
Answer:
(a) Eudrilus eugeniae
Question 6.
Antheraea mylitta feeds on
(a) Mulberry
(b) Arjun
(c) Castor
(d) Champa
Answer:
(b) Arjun
Question 7.
Attacus ricini produces silk?
(a) Muga
(b) Tassar
(c) Mulberry
(d) Eri
Answer:
(d) Eri
Question 8.
The process of killing the cocoons is called

(a) Reeling
(b) Stifling
(c) Rearing
(d) Culturing
Answer:
(b) Stifling
Question 9.
Febrine is a dangerous disease to silkworms caused by
(a) Streptococceus
(b) Nosema bombycis
(c) BmNPV
(d) Beauveria bassiana
Answer:
(b) Nosema bombycis
Question 10.
Muscardine is a- disease of silkworms caused by a
(a) Bacterium
(b) Virus
(c) Protozoan
(d) Fungus
Answer:
(d) Fungus
Question 11.
Among the honey bees, workers are
(a) Fertile females
(b) Fertile males
(c) Sterile females
(d) Sterile males
Answer:
(c) Sterile females
Question 12.
Honey is used as

(1) An antiseptic
(2) A laxative
(3) A sedative
(4) A substitute for sugar
(a) 1, 2, 3 only
(b) $2,3,4$ only
(c) 2,4 only
(d) 1, 2, 3, \& 4
Answer:
(d) $1,2,3,84$
Question 13.
Lac is secreted by lac insect for
(a) Growth
(b) Development
(c) Protection
(d) Moulting
Answer:
(c) Protection
Question 14.
Growing plants in non-soil media and nutrient-laden water is called
(a) Aquaponics
(b) Hydroponics
(c) Aquaculture
(d) Apiculture
Answer:
(b) Hydroponics
Question 15.
Raft based method of aquaponic gardening is known as
(a) Deep water culture
(b) Aqua vertica
(c) Media based method
(d) Nutrient film technique

Answer:
(a) Deep water culture
Question 16.
Culturing of animals in the water having salinity range $0.5-30 \mathrm{ppt}$ are called as
(a) Freshwater aquaculture
(b) Marine water aquaculture
(c) Brackish water aquaculture
(d) Metahaline culture
Answer:
(c) Brackish water aquaculture
Question 17.
Culturing of animals in the water salinity ranges from $30-35 \%$ is called
(a) Brackish water aquaculture
(b) Mariculture
(c) Metahalive culture
(d) Fresh water aquaculture
Answer:
(b) Mariculture
Question 18.
Labeo and catla belong to fishes?
(a) Indigenous fresh water
(b) Salt water
(c) Exotic
(d) Brackish water
Answer:
(a) Indigenous fresh water
Question 19.
In composite fish farming are stocked together in proper proportion in a pond?
(a) Different species of fishes

(b) Fishes of the same species
(c) All animals
(d) All plants and animals
Answer:
(a) Different species of fishes
Question 20.
Fish liver oil is rich in vitamins
(a) $A \& B$
(b) $A \& C$
(c) $A \& D$
(d) $A$ \& $E$
Answer:
(c) $A \& D$
Question 21.
The best quality of pearl is obtained from oysters?
(a) Land
(b) Brackish water
(c) Fresh water
(d) Marine
Answer:
(d) Marine
Question 22.
Breeding between animals of the same breed for $4-6$ generation is called
(a) Outbreeding
(b) Inbreeding
(c) Cross breeding
(d) Outcrossing
Answer:
(A) Inbreeding
Question 23.
The breeding between unrelated animals is called

(a) Inbreeding
(b) Cross breeding
(c) Outbreeding
(d) Outcrossing
Answer:
(c) Outbreeding
Question 24.
Breeding between a superior male of one breed with a superior female of another breed is called
(a) Inbreeding
(b) Outbreeding
(c) Outcrossing
(d) Cross breeding
Answer:
(d) Cross breeding
Question 25.
Jersy is a breed?
(a) Milch
(b) Drought purpose
(c) Dual purpose
(d) Common
Answer:
(a) Milch
Question 26.
Leghorns are preferred in commercial farms because
(a) They give good quality flesh
(b) They mature late
(c) They mature early and begin to lay eggs at the age of 5 months
(d) They look beautiful
Answer:
(c) They mature early and begin to lay eggs at the age of 5 months

Question 27.
is a dual purpose chicken breed?
(a) Aseel
(b) Silkie
(c) Brahma
(d) White plymouth rock
Answer:
(c) Brahma
Question 28.
The incubation period of chick embryo development is days?
(a) $10-12$
(b) 21-22
(c) $25-30$
(d) $15-17$
Answer:
(b) 21-22
Question 29.
Ranikhet, Coccidiosis and Fowl pox are
(a) Chicken breeds
(b) Types of poultry farming
(c) Poultry diseases
(d) Types of breeding methods
Answer:
(c) Poultry diseases
Question 30.
Which of the following is the native breed of duck?
(a) Pekin
(b) Campbell
(c) Muscori
(d) Syhlet meta
Answer:
(d) Syhlet meta

II. Fill in the Blanks
Question 1.

......................... are called as 'farmer's friends'.
Answer:
(Earthworms)
Question 2.
The breakdown of organic matter by the activity of the earthworms and its elimination from its body is called ......................
Answer:
(Vermicast)
Question 3.
Humus feeders are ........................ worms.
Answer:
(Burrowing)
Question 4. 

............................. are the earthworms used for vermicomposting.
Answer:
(Humus feeders)
Question 5.
The exotic species of earthworms are ....................
Answer:
(Eisenia fetida/Eudrilus eugeniae)
Question 6.

................................... is a liquid collected after the passage of water through a column of vermibed.
Answer:
(Vermiwash)
Question 7.
Vermiwash is obtained from ..................... formed by earthworms.

Answer:
(Burrows/drilospheres)
Question 8.
Production of silk from the silkworm by rearing practices on a commercial scale is called ................
Answer:
(Sericulture)
Question 9.
The eggs of silkworms after ten days of incubation hatch into larva called as ....................
Answer:
(Caterpillar)
Question 10.
The cultivation of mulberry is called as .............
Answer:
(Moriculture)
Question 11.
The process of killing the cocoons is called ..............
Answer:
(Stifling)
Question 12.
The process of removing the threads of silk from the killed cocoon is called ....................
Answer:
(Reeling)
Question 13.
Nosema bombycis causes ....................... to silkworms,
Answer:
(Pobrine)

Question 14.

......................... is the viral disease of Bombyx mori caused by BmNPV.
Answer:
(Grasserie)
Question 15.
White muscardine is caused by a fungus ......................
Answer:
(Beauveria bassiana)
Question 16.
Apiculture is the care and management of ................... on a commercial scale.
Answer:
(honeybees)
Question 17.

................... is the Indian honey bee,
Answer:
(Apis indica)
Question 18.

....................... is the rock bee.
Answer:
(Apis dorsata)
Question 19.

.................. is the little bee.
Answer:
(Apisflorea)
Question 20.
Apis mellifera is the ................... bee.
Answer:
(European)
Question 21.
........................ is the functional female bee present in each bee hive.

Answer:
(Queen)
Question 22.
The Queen bee produces ................ to attract drones.
Answer:
(Pheromone)
Question 23.
Among the honey bees, ................ are sterile females.
Answer:
(Workers)
Question 24.

................ is the functional male member of the honey bee colony.
Answer:
(Drone)
Question 25.
A unique flight by the queen bee followed by several drones is called .......................
Answer:
(Nuptial flight)
Question 26.
The process of leaving the colony by the queen with a large group of worker bees to form a new colony is called ..................
Answer:
(Swarming)
Question 27.
Honey is used as an antiseptic, laxative and as a ......................
Answer:
(Sedative)
Question 28.
The resinous chemical substance present in the bee wax is called ...............................

Answer:
(Propolis)
Question 29.
Lac is produced by the lac insect ....................
Answer:
(Laccifer lacca/Tachardia lacca)
Question 30.
Karanagalli is the host plant for ..................
Answer:
(Lac insect)
Question 31.
The mass emergence of larvae from the eggs of lac in search of a host plant is called ................
Answer:
(Swarming)
Question 32.
A condition in which a secondary parasite develops within a previously existing parasite is called. ..................
Answer:
(Hyper-parasitism)
Question 33.
The collection of lac from the host plant is known as .................
Answer:
(Harvesting)
Question 34.
Lac cut from the host plant is called ..............
Answer:
(Stick lac)
Question 35.
The seed lac is sundried and then melted to produce. ..................

Answer:
(Shellac)
Question 36.
Growing fish is known as .................
Answer:
(Aquaculture)
Question 37.
Chanos chanos are cultured in ................
Answer:
(Brackish water)
Question 38.
Culturing of animals in the salinity ranges from $36-40 \%$ is called .................... culture.
Answer:
(Metahaline)
Question 39.

.................. is commonly known as the brine shrimp.
Answer:
(Artemia)
Question 40.
Catla, Labeo are ................. fresh water fishes.
Answer:
(Native/indigenous)
Question 41.
Fish oil is derived from the ................... of fish.
Answer:
(Liver)
Question 42.
................ is prepared from fish waste after extracting oil from the fish.

Answer:
(Fish meal)
Question 43.

..................... is a high grade collagen produced from dried air bladder of catfish.
Answer:
(Isinglass)
Question 44.
Prawn is rich in ................ protein with low fat content.
Answer:
(Glycogen)
Question 45.
Most of the marine prawns caught along the Indian coast belongs to the family ..............
Answer:
(Penaeidae)
Question 46.
Metapenaeus dobsoni is a species of .......................
Answer:
(Prawn)
Question 47.
Fresh water bivalve ................ is used in artificial pearl culture.
Answer:
(Lamellidens)
Question 48.
The piece of tissue which is inserted inside the mantle of the oyster is called as ..................... tissue.
Answer:
(Graft)
Question 49.
$90 \%$ of pearl is .........................

Answer:
(Calcium carbonate)
Question 50.
The best quality of pearl is obtained from .............. oysters.
Answer:
(Marine)
Question 51. .
The practice of breeding and raising livestock is called as ......................
Answer:
(Animal husbandry)
Question 52.
.................... increases homozygosity and exposes harmful recessive genes.
Answer:
(Inbreeding)
Question 53.
.................... helps to produce new and favourable traits, new breeds and hybridswith superior qualities
Answer:
(Outbreeding)
Question 54.
.................. is a technique in which the semen collected from the male is injected to the reproductive tract of the selected female.
Answer:
(Artificial insemination)
Question 55.

..................  is the production and marketing of milk and its products.
Answer:
(Dairying)
Question 56.
Sindhi, Gir, Jersy are ........................ breeds.

Answer:
(Dairy/Milch)
Question 57.

.....................  is the rearing and propagation of avian species.
Answer:
(Poultry)
Question 58.

...................... is the type of chicken breeds well known for fast growth and soft quality meat.
Answer:
(Broiler)
Question 59.
Caring and management of young chicks for 4-6 weeks immediately after hatching is called
Answer:
(Brooding)
Question 60.
Ranikhet is a .................. disease.
Answer:
(Poultry)
Question 61.
Domesticated ducks have been derived from the wild duck named .............
Answer:
(Anas Aoscav/Mallard)
Question 62.
Droppings of poultry can be used as in .................. fields.
Answer:
(Manure)
Question 63.
The droppings of poultry are rich in nitrogen, potash and .....................

Answer:
(Phosphates)
Question 64.
The eggs and poultry meat are the richest sources of and vitamins.
Answer:
(Proteins)
III. Answer The Following Questions
Question 1.
What is Economic Zoology?
Answer:
Economic zoology is a branch of Science that deals with economically useful animals. It involves the study of application of animals for human welfare.
Question 2.
How are animals classified on the basis of economic importance?
Answer:
1. Animals for food and food products
2. Economically beneficial animals
3. Animals of aesthetic importance
4. Animals for scientific research
Question 3.
What is Vermiculture?
Answer:
Vermiculture is the process of using earthworms to decompose organic food waste, into a nutrient-rich material capable of supplying necessary nutrients which helps to sustain plant growth.
Question 4.
What is Vermitech?
Answer:
Applications of earthworm in technology of composting and bioremediation of soils and other activities is called Vermitech.

Question 5.
Why are earthworms called as 'friends of farmers'?
Answer:
Earthworms play a vital role in maintaining soil fertility. Hence, they are called as 'friends of farmers'.
Question 6.
What is Vermicast?
Answer:
The breakdown of organic matter by the activity of the earthworms and its elimination from its body is called vermicast.
Question 7.
What are the different groups of earthworms?
Answer:
There are two major groups of earthworms. The humus formers dwell on the surface and feed on organic matter. They are generally darker in colour. They are used for vermicomposting. The humus feeders are burrowing worms that are useful in making the soil porous and mixing and distributing humus throughout the soil.
Question 8.
What are endemic species and exotic species of earthworms?
Answer:
The native species of earthworms cultured in India for vermicomposting such as Periyonyx excavatus, Lampito mauritii, Octochaetona serrata are endemic species. Some earthworm species introduced from other countries such as Eisenia fetida, Eudrilus eugeniae are exotic species.
Question 9.
What is Vermicompost?
Answer:
Vermicompost is. the compost produced by the action of earthworms in association with all other organisms in the compost unit.
Question 10.
Write a note on Vermiwash?

Answer:
Vermiwash is a liquid collected after the passage of water through a column of vermibed. It is useful as a foliar spray to enhance plant growth and yield. It is obtained from the burrows or drilospheres formed by earthworms. Nutrients, plant growth promoter substances and some useful microorganisms are present in vermiwash.
Question 11.
What are the pests of earthworms?
Answer:
Ants, springtails, centipedes, slugs, mites, certain beetle larvae, birds, rats, snakes, mice, toads and other insects or animals which feed on worms.
Question 12.
What, are the internal parasites of earthworms?
Answer:
Protozoans, some nematodes and the larvae of certain flies.
Question 13.
What are the advantages of vermicompost?
Answer:
1. Vermicompost is rich in essential plant nutrients.
2. It improves soil structure texture, aeration, and water holding capacity and prevents soil erosion.
3. Vermicompost is rich in nutrients and an eco-friendly amendment to soil for farming and terrace gardening.
4. It enhances seed germination and ensures good plant growth.
Question 14.
What is sericulture?
Answer:
Sericulture is an agro-based industry which denotes commercial production of silk through silkworm rearing.

Question 15.
What are the components of sericulture?
Answer:
1. Cultivation of food plants for the silkworms,
2. Rearing of silkworms, and
3. Reeling and spinning of silk.
The first two are agricultural and the last one is an industrial component. Only felt species of silkworms are used in the sericulture industry.
Question 16.
Tabulate the different types of silkworm?
Answer:

Question 17.
What are the various races of Bombyx mori?
Answer:
On the basis of the moults they undergo in the larval stage, B. mori is divided into three races. They are:
1. Tri moulters -3 moults
2. Tetra moulters -4 moults
3. Penta moulters -5 moults
- On the basis of voltinism (the number of broods raised per year), three kinds of races are recognised. They are:
- Univoltines - one brood only
- Bivoltines - two broods only
- Multivoltines - more than two broods
Question 18.
What is Moriculture?
Answer:
The cultivation of mulberry is called as Moriculture.
Question 19.
What are the improved mulberry varieties?
Answer:
Victory 1, S3 6, G2 and G4

Question 20.
What is the favourable season for cultivating mulberry plants?
Answer:
June, July, November and December
Question 21.
What is stifling?
Answer:
The process of killing the cocoons is called stifling,
Question 22.
What is reeling?
Answer:
The process of removing the threads from the killed cocoon is called reeling.
Question 23.
What is cooking?
Answer:
The process of soaking cocoons in hot water $\left(95^{\circ}-97^{\circ}\right)$ for $10-15$ minutes to soften the gum that binds the silk threads together is called as cooking.
Question 24.
What are the uses of silk?
Answer:
Uses of Silk:-
1. Silk fibers are utilized in preparing silk clothes. Silk fibers are now combined with other natural or synthetic fibers to manufacture clothes like Teri-Silk, Cot-

Silk etc. Silk is dyed and printed to prepare ornamented fabrics. They are generally made from Eri-silk or spun silk.
2. Silk is used in industries and for military purposes.
3. It is used in the manufacture of fishing fibers, parachutes, cartridge bags, insulation coils for telephone, wireless receivers, tyres of racing cars, filter fibres, in medical dressings and as suture materials.
Question 25.
Write a note on the diseases and pests of silkworms? Diseases and Pests of Silkworm?
Answer:
The profitable silk industry is threatened by various diseases caused by the virus, fungal, bacterial and protozoan infections but also by insect predators, birds and other higher animals. Ants, crows, kites, rats, feed upon silkworms thereby causing a great loss to silk industry.

Pebrine, is a dangerous disease to silkworms and the causative organism is Nosema bombycis, a protozoan. This silkworm disease is transmitted through the egg of the mother silkworm and also through ingestion of contaminated food.
Flacherie generally occurs in the mature larvae and is caused mainly by bacteria like Streptococcus and Staphylococcus. Grasserie is a most dominant and serious viral disease.

It is caused by Bombyx mori nuclear polyhedrosis virus (BmNPV) a Baculovinis, which belongs to sub group ' $A$ ' of the Baculoviridae. Among the fungal diseases, white muscardine is common. This disease is caused by fungus Beauveria bassiana.
Question 26.
What is Apiculture?
Answer:
Care and management of honey bees on a commercial scale for the production of honey is called Apiculture or Bee keeping.
Question 27.
What are the types of bees?
Answer:
1. Apis dorsata - Rock bee
2. Apisflorea - Little bee
3. Apisindica-Indian bee
4. Apis mellifera - European bee
5. Apis adamsoni - African bee
Question 28.
Comment on the social organization of honey bees?
Answer:
In honey bees, a highly organized division of labour is found. A well developed honey bee colony consists of the Queen, Drones and Workers. All the three types depend on each other for their existence. There is normally one queen, 10,000 to 30,000 workers and few hundred drones (male bees) in a colony.
Question 29.
Write a note on Queen, Worker and Drones?
Answer:
Queen:
1. It is a functional female present in each hive.
2. It feeds on royal jelly.
3. Its function is to lay eggs throughout its life span.

4. It lays about 15 lakh eggs.
Workers:
1. Workers are sterile females and the smallest of all the bees.
2. Each worker bee secretes royal jelly, prepares bee-bread to feed the larvae, feeds the queen, takes care of the queen and drones, secretes bee wax, builds combs, cleans and fans the bee hive.
3. It guards the bee hive, gathers pollen, nectar, propolis and water.
Drones:
1. Drones are the fuctional male members of the colony.
2. The sole duty of the drone is to fertilize the virgin queen and hence called 'king of the colony'.
Question 30.
What is nuptial flight?
Answer:
During the breeding season in winter, a unique flight taken by the queen bee followed by , several drones is called nuptial flight.
Question 31.
Explain the structure of a bee hive?
Answer:
Structure of a Bee Hive. The house of honey bee is termed as bee hive or comb. The hive consists of hexagonal cells made up of wax secreted by the abdomen of worker bees arranged in opposite rows on a common base. These hives are found hanging vertically from the rocks, building or branches of trees. The young stages of honey bees accommodate the lower and central cells of the hive called the brood cells.
In Apis dorsata, the brood cells are similar in size and shape but in other species, brood cells are of three types viz., queen cell for queens, worker cell for workers and drone cells for drones. The cells are intended for storage of honey and pollen in the upper portion of the comb whereas the lower portions are for brood rearing.

Question 32.
Explain the parts of the Langstroth bee hive?
Answer:
The Langstroth bee hive is made up of wood and consists of six parts.
(1) Stand is the basal part of the hive on which the hive is constructed. The stands are adjusted to make a slope for rain water to drain
(2) Bottom board is situated above the stand and forms the proper base for the hive. It has two gates, one gate functions as an entrance while the other acts as an exit.
(3) Brood chamber is the most important part of the hive. It is provided with 5 to 10 frames arranged one above the other through which the workers can easily pass. The frame is composed of wax sheet which is held in vertical position up by a couple of wires. Every sheet of wax is known as Comb Foundation. The comb foundation helps in obtaining a regular strong worker brood cell comb which can be used repeatedly.
(4) Super is also a chamber without cover and base. It is provided with many frames containing comb foundation to provide additional space for expansion of the hive. 5) Inner cover is a wooden piece used for covering the super with many holes for proper ventilation. 6) Top cover is meant for protecting the colonies from rains. It is covered with a sheet which is plain and sloping.
Question 33.
What is comb foundation?
Answer:
Comb foundation is a sheet of bee wax, on both sides of which the exact shape of different cells of the comb is made in advance.
Question 34.
What is the use of Bee gloves?
Answer:
Bee gloves are used by bee keepers for protecting their hands while inspecting the hives.

Question 35.
What is Bee veil?
Answer:
Bee veil is a device made of fine nettings to protect the bee-keeper from bee sting.
Question 36.
What is the use of Smoker?
Answer:
Smoker is used to scare the bees during hive maintenance and honey collection by releasing smoke.
Question 37.
What is hive tool?
Answer:
Hive Tool is a flat, narrow and long piece of iron which helps in scraping excess propolis or wax from hive parts...
Question 38.
What is the use of:
(a) Uncapping knife
(b) Bee brush
(c) Queen introducing cage
(d) Feeders
(e) Honey Extractor
(f) Hive Entrance Guard
Answer:
(a) Uncapping knife:
Uncapping knife is a long knife which helps in removing the cap from the combs as a first step in honey extraction.
(b) Bee Brush:
Bee brush is a large brush often employed to brush off bees from honey combs particularly at the time of extraction.

(c) Queen introducing cage:
Queen introducing cage is a pipe made of wire nets used for keeping the queen for about 24 hours for acquaintance with the hive and worker bees.
(d) Feeder:
Feeder is a basin with sugar syrup covered by grass to feed the bees during drought season. The grass prevents the bees from sinking into the syrup.
(e) Honey Extractor:
Honey Extractor is a stainless-steel device which spins the combs rapidly to extract honey.
(f) Hive Entrance Guard:
Hive Entrance Guard is a device similar to queen excluder in front of the hive entrance which prevents the escape of queen during warming season.
Question 39.
What are the products of bee keeping?
Answer:
Products of bee keeping and their economic importance. The chief products of bee keeping industry are honey and bee wax. Honey is the healthier substitute for sugar.
The major constituents of honey are: levulose, dextrose, maltose, other sugars, enzymes, pigments, ash and water. It is an aromatic sweet material derived from nectar of plants. It is a natural food, the smell and taste depends upon the pollen taken by the honey bee. It is used as an antiseptic, laxative and as a sedative.

It is generally used in Ayurvedic and Unani systems of medicine. It is also used in the preparation of cakes, breads and biscuits. Bee wax is secreted by the abdomen of the worker bees at the age of two weeks. The wax is masticated and mixed with the secretions of the cephalic glands to convert it into a plastic resinous substance.

The resinous chemical substance present in the wax is called propolis which is derived from pollen grains. The pure wax is white in colour and the yellow colour is due to the presence of carotenoid pigments. It is used for making candles, water proofing materials, polishes for floors, furniture, appliances, leather and taps. It is also used for the production of comb foundation sheets in bee keeping and used in pharmaceutical industries.
Question 40.
What is Lac culture?
Answer:
The culture of lac insect using techniques for the procurement of lac on large scale is known as Lac culture.
Question 41.
Name the insect that produces Lac?
Answer:
Tachardia lacca.
Question 42.
What is 'swarming'?
Answer:
The mass emergence of larvae from the egg in search of a host plant is called 'swarming'.
Question 43.
What is hyper-parasitism?
Answer:
Hyper-parasitism - A condition in which a secondary parasite develops within a previously existing parasite.
Question 44.
What is harvesting? Write on the types of lac?
Answer:
The collection of lac from the host plant is known as harvesting. Harvesting may be done before swarming (immature) or after swarming (mature). Immature harvesting produces 'Ari lac' whereas mature harvesting produces the mature lac. Lac cut from the host plant is called 'Stick lac'.

The lac present on the twig is scraped and collected. After grinding, the unnecessary materials like dusts and fine particles are removed. The resultant lac is called 'seed lac'. The seed lac is sun dried and then melted to produce 'shellac'.
Question 45.
What is Aquaponics?
Answer:
Aquaponics is a technique which is a combination of aquaculture (growing fish)' and hydroponics (growing plants in non-soil media and nutrient-laden water).
Question 46.
What are the methods of aquaponic gardening?
Answer:
(i) Deep water culture is otherwise known as raft based method. In this method a raft floats in water. Plants are kept in the holes of raft and the roots float in water. This method is applicable for larger commercial scale system. By this, method fast growing plants are cultivated.
(ii) Media based method involves growing plants in inert planting media like clay pellets or shales. This method is applicable for home and hobby scale system. Larger number of fruiting plants, leafy green plants, herbs and other varieties of plants can be cultivated.
(iii) Nutrient Film technique involves the passage of nutrient rich water through a narrow trough or PVC pipe. Plants are kept in the holes of the pipe to allow the roots to be in free contact with in the water stream.
(iv) Aqua vertica is otherwise known as vertical aquaponics. Plants are stacked on the top of each other in tower systems. Water flows in through the top of the tower. This method is suitable for growing leafy greens, strawberries and other crops that do not need supporting solid substratum to grow.

Question 47.
What are the advantages of Aquaponic gardening?
Answer:
Advantages of Aquaponic gardening.
Water conservation:
No need of water discharge and recharge as the water is maintained by recycling process.
Soil:
Bottom soil may be loaded with freshwater. Microbes in water can convert the waste materials into usable forms like ammonia into nitrates which are used by the plants. Thus the soil fertility is maintained.
Pesticides:
In this system use of pesticides is avoided and hence it is eco-friendly.
Weeds:
Since the plants are cultured in confined conditions, growth of weeds is completely absent. The utilization of nutrient by plants is high in this method.
Artificial food for fishes:
In this system plant waste and decays are utilized by fishes as food. So, the need for the use of supplementary feed can be minimized.

Fertilizer usage:
Artificial or chemical fertilizers is not required for this system since the plants in the aquaponics utilize the nutrients from the fish wastes dissolved in water.
Question 48.
What are the fauna and flora cultured and cultivated in aquaponics?
Answer:
Cultivable fishes like tilapia, trout, koi, gold fish, bass etc., are cultured in aquaponics. Common cultivable plants like tomato, pepper, lettuce, cucumber, and rose are co-cultivated in this method.
Question 49.
What is aquaculture?
Answer:
Aquaculture is a branch of science that deals with the farming of aquatic organisms such as fish, molluscs, crustaceans and aquatic plants.
Question 50.
What are the three types of aquaculture on the basis of the source?
Answer:
On the basis of source, aquaculture can be classified into three categories. They are
1. Freshwater aquaculture
2. Brackish water aquaculture
3. Marine water aquaculture.
Question 51.
What is pisciculture?
Answer:
Culturing of fishes is called fish culture or pisciculture.
Question 52.
What should be the $\mathrm{pH}$ and salinity of freshwater used for aquaculture?

Answer:
$\mathrm{pH}$ of the freshwater should be around neutral and salinity below $5 \mathrm{ppt}$.
Question 53.
Write a short note on Brackish water fishes?
Answer:
Brackish water fishes spend most of its life in river mouths (estuaries) back waters, mangrove swamps and coastal lagoons. Estuarine fish are more common in Bengal and Kerala. Culturing of animals in the water having salinity range $0.5-30 \mathrm{ppt}$ are called as brackish water culture. Fishes cultured in brackish water are Milk fish (Chanos Chanos), Sea bass ('Koduva'), Grey mullet ('Madavai'), Pearl spots ('Kari'meen) etc.
Question 54.
What are the varieties of marine fisheries?
Answer:
Mackerels, sardines, sharks, catfish.
Question 55.
What is Mariculture?
Answer:
Culturing of animals in the water salinity ranges from $30-35 \%$ is called Mariculture. Some fishes like Chanos sp, Mugil cephalus are cultured here.
Question 56.
What is Metahaline culture?
Answer:
Culturing of animals in the water salinity ranges from $36-40 \%$ is called Metahaline culture. Eg, Brine shrimp (Artemia salina).
Question 57.
What is Artemia?
Answer:
Artemia is commonly known as the brine shrimp. It is a crustacean and lives in high saline waters because of its high osmoregulatory capacity.

Question 58.
What are the characteristics of cultivable fishes?
Answer:
Characteristics of cultivable fishes.
The special characteristic features of cultivable fishes are:
1. Fishes should have high growth rate in short period of culture.
2. They should accept supplementary diet. '
3. They should be hardy enough to resist some common diseases and infection of parasites.
4. Fishes proposed for poly culture should be able to live together without interfering or attacking other fishes.
5. They should have high conversion efficiency so that they can effectively utilize the food.
Question 59.
What are the types of cultivable fishes?
Answer:
Types of cultivable fish:
Cultivable fish are of 3 types:-
1. Indigenous or native fresh water fishes (Major carps, Catla, Labeo, Clarias).
2. Salt water fishes acclimatized for fresh water (Chanos, Mullet).
3. Exotic fishes are imported from other counties (Common carps).
Question 60.
What are the reasons for culturing carps in India?
Answer:
Major carps have proved to be best suited for culture in India, because the carps
1. Feed on zooplanktons and phytoplanktons, decaying weeds, debris and other aquatic plants.
2. They can survive in turbid water with slightly higher temperature.

3. Can tolerate $\mathrm{O}_2$ variations in water.
4. Can be transported from one place to other easily.
5. They are highly nutritive and palatable.
Question 61.
What are the external factors affecting fish culture?
Answer:
External factors affecting fish culture. The factors that affect fish culture are temperature, light rain, water, flood, water current, turbidity of water, $\mathrm{pH}$ hardness, salinity and dissolved $\mathrm{O}_2$. Light and temperature also play an important role in fish breeding.
Question 62.
What is Natural breeding of fishes?
Answer:
Natural breeding (Bundh breeding):
These are special types of ponds where natural riverine conditions or any natural water resources are managed for breeding of culturable fishes. These bundhs are constructed in large low-lying areas that can accommodate large quantity of rain water. The shallow area of such bundhs is used as spawning ground.
Question 63.
What are the advantages of composite fish farming?
Answer:
The advantages include:-
1. All available niches are fully utilized.
2. Compatible species do not harm each other.
3. No competition among different species is found.
4. Catla catla, Labeo rohita and Cirrhinus mrigala (surface feeder) are the commonly used fish species for composite fish farming.
Question 64.
What are exotic fishes?
Answer:
Exotic fishes. The fishes imported into a country for fish culture are called exotic fishes and such fish culture is known as exotic fish culture. Examples of such exotic fishes introduced in India are Cyprinus carpio and Oreochromis mossambicus.
Question 65.
What are the types of Prawn fishery?
Answer:
Types of prawn fishery
1. Shallow water prawn fishery - located on the west coast restricted to shallow waters.
2. Estuaries and back waters or saline lake prawn fishery - The area of production of prawns are the back waters seen along the Western coast, Ennur, Pulicat, Chilka lake and Estuaries of Ganga and Brahmaputra rivers.
3. Freshwater prawn fishery - Prawns are caught from the rivers and lakes throughout India.
4. Marine prawn fishery - Most of the marine prawns are caught along the Indian coast belonging to the family Penaeidae.
Question 66.
What are species of Prawn distributed in water bodies?
Answer:
Species of prawn:
A number of species of prawn are distributed in water resources such as Penaeus indicus, Penaeus monodon, Metapenaeus dobsoni and Macrobrachium rosenbergii.
Question 67.
Name the genus that produces high quality pearls?
Answer:
Pinctada.
Question 68.
How is pearl formed?

Answer:
Pearl Formation:
When a foreign particle accidently enters into the space between mantle and shell of the oyster, it adheres to the mantle. The mantle epithelium encloses it like a sac and starts to secrete concentric layers of nacre around it as a defensive mechanism.

Nacre is secreted continuously by the epithelial layer of the mantle and is deposited around the foreign particle and over a period time the formation of repeated layers of calcium carbonate makes the hard and glossy pearl. When the pearl enlarges the oyster dies. The shell is then carefully opened and the pearls are manually separated and graded.
Question 69.
What are the steps of insertion of nucleus into oyster?
Answer:
Following steps are taken for the insertion of nucleus:-
a. Fitness of oyster for operation:
The selected oysters for the insertion of nucleus should be healthy and strong enough to overcome the stress during operation.
b. Preparation of graft tissues:
The piece of tissue which is inserted inside the mantle is called as 'GRAFT' tissue. The outer edges of these graft squares must be known because nacre secreting cells are found only on the outer surface of the mantle so it is essential to keep the outer surface in contact with the inserted nucleus.
c. Preparation of nucleus:
Any small particle may function as nucleus to initiate the pearl formation but it is reported that calcareous nucleus is the best because the deposition of nacre was found to be more on calcarious nucleus.
d. Insertion of nucleus:
For the insertion of nucleus, oysters are fixed in a desk clamp in the position of right valve facing upward. Mantle folds are smoothly touched to expose the foot and the main body mass, followed by an incision into the epithelium of the foot and a slender channel into the main mass one graft tissue which functions as a bed for the nucleus.
e. Post operation care:
Nucleated oysters are placed into cages and suspended into sea water and attached with floating rafts to a depth of 2 to 3 metres for about 6 to 7 days to recover from the shocks due to operation. This period of 6 to 7 days is known as 'Recovery period'. About 3000 to 3600 nucleated oysters are kept in different cages suspended in sea water at 2 to 3 meters depth for 3 to 6 years and undisturbed except at the time of clearing and inspection.
f. Harvesting of pearl:
Pearls are harvested in the month of December to February which may slightly vary according to climatic conditions. After the completion of 3 years of the insertion of nucleus, pearl oysters are harvested from the sea and the pearls are taken out from the shell.
g. Clearing of pearls:
After taking out the pearls from the oysters shell they are washed properly, cleared with the soap solution.
Question 70.
What is the composition of pearl?
Answer:
Composition of pearl:
Pearl comprises of water, organic matter, calcium carbonate and the residue.
1. Water: $2-4 \%$
2. Organic matter: $3.5-5.9 \%$
3. Calcium carbonate: $90 \%$ and
4. Residue: $0.1-0.8 \%$ carbonate: $90 \%$
Question 71.
What is Animal husbandry?
Answer:
Animal husbandry is the practice of breeding and raising livestock cattles like cows, buffaloes, and goats and birds etc. that are useful to human beings.

Question 72.
What are the objectives of animal breeding?
Answer:
Objectives of Animal breeding
1. To improve growth rate.
2. Enhancing the production of milk, meat, eggs etc.,
3. Increasing the quality of the animal products.
4. Improved resistance to diseases.
5. Increased reproductive rate.
Question 73.
What are the methods of animal breeding?
Answer:
Methods of Animal breeding:
There are two methods of animal breeding, namely inbreeding and outbreeding:
1. Inbreeding:
Breeding between animals of the same breed for $4-6$ generations is called inbreeding. Inbreeding increases homozygosity and exposes the harmful recessive genes.

Continuous inbreeding reduces fertility and even productivity, resulting in "inbreeding depression". This can be avoided by breeding selected animals of the breeding population and they should be mated with superior animals of the same breed but unrelated to the breeding population. It helps to restore fertility and yield.
2. Outbreeding:
The breeding between unrelated animals is called outbreeding. Individuals produced do not have common ancestors for 4-6 generations.

Outbreeding helps to produce new and favourable traits, to produce hybrids, with superior qualities and helps to create new breeds. New and favourable genes can be introduced into a population through outbreeding.
Question 74.
What is Out crossing?
Answer:
Out crossing:
It is the breeding between unrelated animals of the same breed but having no common ancestry. The offspring of such a cross is called outcross. This method is suitable for breeding animals below average in productivity.
Question 75.
What is Cross breeding?
Answer:
Cross breeding:
Breeding between a superior male of one breed with a superior female of another breed. The cross bred progeny has superior traits (hybrid vigour or heterosis.).
Question 76.
What is Interspecific hybridization?
Answer:
Interspecific hybridization. In this method of breeding mating is between male and female of two different species. The progeny obtained from such crosses are different from their parents, and may possess the desirable traits of the parents.
Question 77.
What is Artificial insemination?
Answer:
Artificial insemination. Artificial insemination is a technique in which the semen collected from the male is injected to the reproductive tract of the selected female.
Question 78.
Explain the Multiple Ovulation Embryo Transfer (MOET)?

Answer:
Multiple ovulation embryo transfer technology (MOET). It is another method of propagation of animals with desirable traits. This method is applied when the success rate of crossing is low even after artificial insemination. In this method Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) is administered to cows for inducing follicular maturation and super ovulation. Instead of one egg per cycle, 6-8 eggs can be produced by this technology.
The eggs are carefully recovered non-surgically from the genetic mother and fertilized artificially. The embryos at 8-32 celled stages are recovered and transferred to a surrogate mother. For another round of ovulation, the same genetic mother is utilized. This technology can be applied to cattle, sheep and buffaloes. Advantage of this technology is to produce high milk yielding females and high-quality meat yielding bulls in a short time.
Question 79.
What is Dairying and Dairy Operation?
Answer:
Dairying is the production and marketing of milk and its products. Dairy operation consists of proper maintenance of cattle, the collection and processing of milk and its by-products.
Question 80.
What are the groups of cattle?
Answer:
(I) Dairy breeds or Milch breeds:
They are high milk yielders with extended lactation. Eg., Sindhi, Gir, Sahiwal, Jersy, Brown Swiss, Holstein cattle.
(II) Draught purpose breeds:
Bullocks are good for draught purpose. Eg. Kangayam, Malvi.
(III) Dual Purpose breeds:
Cows are meant for yielding more milk and bullocks are used for better drought purpose Eg. Ongole, Hariana.

Question 81.
Distinguish between a healthy cattle and ill cattle?
Answer:

Question 82.
Name the main diseases of dairy cattle?
Answer:
Rinderpest, foot and mouth disease, cow pox, hemorrhagic fever, anthrax.
Question 83.
Write a note on milk products?
Answer:
Milk products:
Milk is produced by dairy animals which is an emulsion of fat and lactose. Milk also contains enzymes which are destroyed during pasteurization.

Milk is a rich source of vitamin $A, B, B p$ and deficient in Vitamin $C$. Due to its high nutrition value, it serves as a . complete food for infants. Dairy products such as yoghurt, cheese, butter, ice cream, condensed milk, curd, and milk powder processed from milk make dairy, a highly farming attraction.
Question 84.
Write on the nutritive value of meat?
Answer:
Meat:
Meat is rich in protein and also contains many minerals like iron, zinc, vitamins and selenium. It also contains vitamins needed for human diet.
Question 85.
What is Poultry Farming?

Answer:
Poultry Farming refers to the rearing and propagation of avian species such as chicken, ducks, turkeys, geese, quail and guinea fowls.
Question 86.
Write on the chicken breeds of egg layers?
Answer:
Egg layers:
These are farmed mainly for the production of egg.
Leghorn:
This is the most popular commercial breed in India and originated from Italy. They are small, compact with a single comb and wattles with white, brown or black colour. They mature early and begin to lay eggs at the age of 5 or 6 months. Hence these are preferred in commercial farms. They can also thrive well in dry areas.
Chittagong:
It is the breed chiefly found in West Bengal. They are golden or light yellow coloured. The beak is long and yellow in colour. Ear lobes and wattles are small and red in colour. They are good egg layers and are delicious.
Question 87.
W-ite on the Broiler breed?
Answer:
Bioiler type:
These are well known for fast growth and soft quality meat.
White Plymouth rock:
They have white plumage throughout the body. It is commonly used in troiler production. This is an American breed. It is a fast growing breed and well suitable for growing intensively in confined farms.
Question 88.
What are Dual purpose chicken breeds?
Answer:

Dual purpose breeds:
These are for both meat and egg production purpose.
Brahma:
It is a breed popularly known for its massive body having heavy bones, well feathered and proportionate body. Pea comb is one of the important breed characters. It has two common varieties namely, Light Brahma and Dark Brahma.
Question 89.
Write a short note on Game breeds?
Answer:
(I) Game breeds:
Since ancient times, special breed of roosters have been used for the sport of cockfighting.
(II) Aseel:
This breed is white or black in colour. The hens are not good egg layers but are good in incubation of eggs. It is found in all states of India. Aseel is noted for its pugnacity, high stamina, and majestic gait and dogged fighting qualities. Although poor in productivity, this breed is well-known for their meat qualities.
Question 90.
Write a short note on Ornamental chicken breeds?
Answer:
Ornamental breeds:
Ornamental chicken are reared as pets in addition to their use for egg production and meat.
Silkie:
It is a breed of chicken having a typical fluffy plumage, which is said to feel like silk and satin. The breed has numerous additional special characters, such as black skin and bones, blue earlobes, and five toes on each foot, while the majority chickens only have four. They are exhibited in poultry .shows, and come out in various colours. Silkies are well recognized for their calm, friendly temperament. Silkie chicken is especially simple to maintain as pets.

Question 91.
What are the types of Poultry farming?
Answer:
Types of Poultry farming:
There are different methods used to rear both broiler and layer chicken. The types of poultry farming are Free range farming, Organic method, Yarding method, Battery cage method and Furnished cage method. Among these, Battery cage method is widely used in large scale poultry farms. The Free range, Organic and Yarding methods are eco-friendly and the eggs produced by such farming practices are preferred in the market.
Question 92.
What are the stages involved in rearing of chicken?
Answer:
Stages involved in rearing:
There are some steps involved in rearing of chicken:-
1. Selection of the best layer:
An active intelligent looking bird, with a bright comb, not obese should be selected.
2. Selection of eggs for hatching: Eggs should be selected very carefully. Eggs should be fertile, medium sized, dark brown shelled and freshly laid eggs are preferred for rearing. Eggs should be washed, cleaned and dried.
3. Incubation and hatching:
The maintenance of newly laid eggs in optimum condition till hatching is called incubation. The fully developed chick emerges out of egg after an incubation period of $21-22$ days.

There are two types of incubation namely natural incubation and artificial incubation. In the natural incubation method, only a limited number of eggs can be incubated by a mother hen. In artificial incubation, more number of eggs can be incubated in a chamber (Incubator).
3. Brooding:
Caring and management of young chicks for $4-6$ weeks immediately after hatching is called brooding. It can also be categorized into two types namely natural and artificial brooding.
4. Housing of Poultry:
To protect the poultry from sun, rain and predators, it is necessary to provide housing to poultry. Poultry house should be moisture-proof, rat proof and it should be easily cleanable and durable.
5. Poultry feeding:
The diet of chicks should contain adequate amount of water, carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins and minerals.
Question 93.
What are poultry products?
Answer:
Eggs and meat.
Question 94.
What are poultry byproducts?
Answer:
A number of poultry byproducts like blood-meal, feather meal, poultry byproduct meal and hatchery by-product meal are used as good sources of nutrients for meat producing animals and poultry. These byproducts supply proteins, fats, vitamins and good amount of minerals.
Question 95.
Name Poultry diseases?
Answer:
Poultry diseases:
Ranikhet, Coccidiosis and Fowl pox are some common poultry diseases.
Question 96.
What are the benefits of Poultry farming?
Answer:
Benefits of Poultry farming are:

1. It does not require high capital for construction and maintenance of the poultry farming.
2. It does not require a big space.
3. It ensures high return of investment within a very short period of time.
4. It provides fresh and nutritious food and has a huge global demand.
5. It provides employment opportunities for the people.
Question 97.
What are the native and exotic duck breeds?
Answer:
1. Native Breeds - Indian Runner, Syhlet meta.
2. Exotic Breeds - Muscori, Pekin, Aylesbury, Campbell.
Question 98.
What are the types of duck breeds?
Answer:
There are three types of ducks depending on the purpose for which it is formed. They are meat productive duck breeds, egg productive duck breeds, and breeds for both meat and egg production.
Question 99.
What are the advantages of duck farming?
Answer:
Advantages of duck farming:
They can be reared in small backyards where water is available and needs less care and management as they are very hardy. They can adapt themselves to all types of environmental conditions and are bred for feed efficiency, growth rate and resistance to diseases.