Text Book Back Questions and Answers - Chapter 5 Hazards 8th Social Geography Guide Samacheer Kalvi Solutions - SaraNextGen [2024-2025]

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Chapter 5 - Hazards - 8th Social Geography Guide Samacheer Kalvi Solutions - Text Book Back Questions and Answers

I. Choose the correct answer

Question 1.

________ percentage of nitrogen is present in the air. (a) $78.09 \%$
(b) $74.08 \%$
(c) $80.07 \%$
(d) $76.63 \%$

Answer:
(a) $78.09 \%$

Question 2.
Tsunami in Indian Ocean took place in the s ear _______
(a) 1990
(b) 2004
(c) 2005
(d) 2008

Answer:
(b) 2004

Question 3.

The word tsunami is derived from __________ language.
(a) Hindi
(b) French
(c) Japanese
(d) German

Answer:
(c) Japanese

Question 4.

The example of surface water is -
(a) Artesian well

(b) Groundwater
(c) Subsurface water
(d) Lake

Answer:
(d) Lake

Question 5.

Event that occurs due to the failure of monsoons.
(a) Condensation
(b) Drought
(c) Evaporation
(d) Precipitation

Answer:
(b) Drought
II. Fill in the blanks
1. Hazards may lead to ______
2. Landslide is an example of _________ hazard.
3. On the basis of origin, hazard can be grouped into _______ categories.
4. Terrorism is an example of _________ hazard.
5. Oxides of Nitrogen are ________ pollutants which affects the human beings.
6. Chernobyl nuclear accident took place in ____

Answer:
1. disaster
2. Geologic (or) Seismic
3. Eight
4. Human - induced
5. Primary
6. 26th April 1986
III. Match the following

Answer:

IV Answer in brief
Question 1.
Define'hazard'.
Answer:
'Hazards are defined as a thing, person, event or factor that poses a threat to people, structures or economic assets and which may cause a disaster.'

Question 2.

What are the major types of hazards?
Answer:
1. Atmospheric hazard
2. Geologic 7 Seismic hazard
3. Hydrologic hazard
4. Volcanic hazard
5. Environmental hazard
6. Biological hazard
7. Human - induced hazard
8. Technological hazard

Question 3.
Write a brief note on hazardous wastes.
Answer:
The wastes that may or tend to cause adverse health effects on the ecosystem and human beings are called hazardous wastes.

Question 4.
List out the major flood prone areas of our country.
Answer:
1. The major flood prone areas in north and northeast India are, Punjab, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, North Bihar, West Bengal and Brahmaputra valley.

2. Coastal Andhra Pradesh, Odisha and Southern Gujarat are the other regions which are also prone to flood often.

Question 5.
Mention the types of drought.
Answer:
Drought could be classified into three types. They are:
1. Meteorological drought
2. Hydrological drought
3. Agricultural drought

Question 6.
Why should not we construct houses at foothill areas?
Answer:
We should not construct houses at foothill areas because it has rapid downward movement of rocks and soil and vegetation down the slope under the influence of gravity which leads to landslides.
V. Distinguish the following :

Question 1.
Hazards and disasters.
Answer:
1. Hazard:

A natural hazard is a natural process and event that is a potential threat to human life and property.
2. Disasters:

A disaster is a hazardous event that occurs over a limited time span in a defined area and causes great damage to property / loss of life, also needs assistance from others.

Question 2.
Natural hazard and human-made hazard.
Answer:
Natural Hazards:
1. These are the results of natural processes and man has no role to play in such hazards.
2. For example: Earthquakes, Floods, Cyclonic storms and volcanic eruption etc.

Human - made - Hazards:

1. These are caused by undesirable activities of human. It can be the result of an accident such as an industrial chemical leak or oil spill.
2. For example: Hazardous wastes, pollution of air, water and land etc.

Question 3.
Flood and drought.
Answer:
Flood:
1. Flood is an event in which a part of the earth's surface gets inundated.
2. Heavy rainfall and large waves in seas are the common causes of flood.

Drought:
1. Any lack of water to satisfy the normal needs of agriculture, livestock, industry or human population may be termed as a drought.
2. Droughts in India occur in the event of a failure of monsoon.

Question 4.
Earthquake and tsunami.
Answer:
1. Earthquake:

Earthquake is a violent tremor in the earth's crust, sending out a series of stock waves in all directions from its place of origin.
2. Tsunami:

Tsunami refers to huge ocean waves caused by an earthquake, landslide or volcanic eruption. It is generally noticed in the coastal regions and travel between 640 and $960 \mathrm{Km} / \mathrm{h}$.
VI. Answer in a paragraph

Question 1.

Write an essay on air pollution.
Answer:
Pollution of Air :
1. Air is a mixture of several gases.
2. The main gases are nitrogen $(78.09 \%)$ for forming products such as fertilizers for plants and for making the air inert, oxygen $(20.95 \%)$ for breathing and carbon dioxide $(0.03 \%)$ for photosynthesis.
3. Some other gases like argon, neon, helium, krypton, hydrogen, zenon and methane are also present.
4. Air pollution is the contamination of the indoor or outdoor air by a range of gases. Air pollution can be categorized into primary and secondary pollutants.
5. A primary pollutant is an air pollutant emitted directly from a source.
6. A secondary pollutant is not directly emitted.
7. Primary pollutants are as follows:
- Oxides of Sulphur
- Oxides of Nitrogen
- Oxides of Carbon
- Particulate Matter and
- Other primary pollutants
8. Secondary pollutants are as follows:
- Ground Level Ozone
- Smog

Question 2.
Define earthquake and list out its effects.
Answer:
Earthquakes:
Earthquake is a violent tremor in the earth's crust, sending out a series of shock waves in all directions from its place of origin.

Effects of Earthquakes:
1. The Primary effects of earthquakes are ground shaking, ground rupture, landslides, Tsunamis and soil liquefaction.
2. The Secondary effects of earthquakes are fires.
3. The effects of earthquakes are terrible and devasting. Thus leads to distraction of buildings, loss of money, property and lines of people. This affects the mental and emotional health of people.

Question 3.
Give a detailed explanation on the causes of landslides.
Answer:
1. Landslide is a rapid downward movement of rock, soil and vegetation down the slope under the influence of gravity.
2. The causes of landslides are wide ranging, They have two aspects in common.
3. Force of gravity and
4. Failure of Soil
5. Landslides are considered of two types. They are:

- Naturally occuring disaster.
- Human induced changes in the environment.
6. Natural causes of landslides are:
- Climatic changes
- Seismic activities
- Weathering
- Soil erosion
- Forest fires
- Gravity and
- Volcanic eruption
7. Human causes of landslides includes deforestation mining, construction of roads and railways over the mountain.

Question 4.
Elaborately discuss the effects water pollution.
Answer:
Water Pollution:
1. Water pollution may be defined as alteration in the physical, chemical and biological characteristics of water which may cause harmful effects in human and aquatic life.
2. In India, water pollution has been taking place on a large scale.
3. Some of these waterborne diseases are Typhoid, Cholera, Paratyphoid fever, Dysentery, Jaundice and Malaria.
4. Chemicals in the water also have negative effects on our health.
5. Pesticides - can damage the nervous system and cause cancer because of the Carbonates and organophosphere that they may contain.
6. Both surface and groundwater bodies are polluted to a great extent.
VII. Activities

Question 1.
Name the hazards which you have identified.

Answer:
Activity to be done by the students.
Question 2.
List out the hazards that occur frequently and occasionally in your place.

Answer:
Activity to be done by the students.
Question 3.
On the map of Tamilnadu shade the 13 coastal districts in different colors.
Answer:

Additional Questions
I. Choose the correct answer

Question 1.

_________ is an example of human induced pollutants hazard.
(a) Terrorism
(b) Evaporation
(c) Nuclear accident
(d) None of these

Answer:
(a) Terrorism

Question 2.

________ in Indian ocean took place in the year 2004.
(a) Earthquake
(b) Droughts
(c) Landslide
(d) Tsunami

Answer:
(d) Tsunami

Question 3.
A ............ hazard is a natural process.
(a) Socio natural hazard
(b) Human - made
(c) Natural
(d) All the bove

Answer:
(C) Naturall

Question 4.

______ can be broadly classified Into three types.
(a) Economics
(b) Hazards
(c) Environment
(d) None of these

Answer:
(b) Hazards

Question 5.
The main examples of natural hazards are
(a) earthquakes
(b) floods
(c) cyclonic
(d) all of these

Answer:
(d) all of these

Question 6.
_______ hazards are caused by undesirable activities of human.
(a) Human - made
(b) Natural
(c) Socio - natural
(d) Atmospheric

Answer:
(a) Human - made

Question 7.
______ are caused by natural forces in mountainous areas.
(a) Over populations
(b) Landslides
(c) Socio - natural
(d) Hydrologic hazard

Answer:
(b) Landslides

Question 8.
___________ Is a serious problem In most big Urban.
(a) Storm
(b) Landslides
(c) $\mathrm{Smog}$

(d) Droughts

Answer:
(c) Smog

Question 9.
............ surge hazards may be worsened by the destruction of mangroves.
(a) Storm
(b) Smog
(c) Flood
(d) Droughts

Answer:
(a) Stormi

Question 10.
Heavy rainfall and large waves In seas are the common causes of _______
(a) Droughts
(b) Smog
(c) Tsunami
(d) Flood

Answer:
(d) Flood

Question 11.
___________ storm is a strong wind circulating around a low pressure area in the atmosphere.
(a) Tropical cyclone
(b) Cyclonic
(c) Heavy
(d) None of these

Answer:
(b) Cyclonic

Question 12.
The west coast of India is __________ vulnerable to storm surges than the east coast.
(a) less
(b) more
(c) great
(d) high

Answer:
(a) less

Question 13.
___________ drought is a reduction in rainfall for a specific period below a specific level.
(a) Agricultural
(b) Hydro - logical
(c) Landslides
(d) Meteorological

Answer:
(d) Meteorological

Question 14.
....... droughts associated with reduction of water in streams, rivers and reservoirs.
(a) Hydro - logical
(b) Agricultural
(c) Meteorological
(d) Both 'b' and 'c'

Answer:
(a) Hydro - logical

Question 15.
______________ droughts refers to the condition in which the agricultural crops get affected due to lack of rainfall.
(a) Meteorological

(b) Agricultural
(c) Hydro - logical
(d) Both 'a' and 'b'

Answer:
(b) Agricultural

Question 16.

__________________ in India occur in the event of a failure of monsoon. 
(a) Floods
(b) Landslides
(c) Droughts
(d) Earthquakes

Answer:
(c) Droughts

Question 17.
The dry region lying in the leeward side of the _______
(a) Western Ghats
(b) Eastern Ghats
(c) Both 'a' and 'b'
(d) None of these

Answer:
(a) Western Ghats

Question 18.
_______ is a rapid downward movement of rock, soil and vegetation down the slope under the influence of gravity.
(a) Drought
(b) Flood
(c) Landslide
(d) Earthquake

Answer:
(c) Landslide

Question 19.

______ is a mixture of several gases. 
(a) Water
(b) Air
(c) Soil
(d) All of these

Answer:
(b) Air

Question 20.
______ pollutant is an air pollutant emitted directly from a source.
(a) Primary
(b) Secondary
(c) Tertiary
(d) All of these.

Answer:
(a) Primary
II. Fill in the blanks:
1. Hazards can be broadly classified into types ___________
2. Smog is a serious problem in most _____ areas.
3. The beginning of ............. century, the earth supported a human population.
4. The meaning of old french "Hazards". _________
5. A catastrophe was recover _______ time.
6. ________ can disturb the safety health, welfare of people.
7. __________ is a violent tremor in the earth's crust.
8. _________ percentage of carbon di oxide present in the air.
9. _________ percentage of oxygen present in the air.
10 . _________ nuclear accident took place in 26th April 1986.
11. ________ hazards are caused by the combined effect forces and misdeeds of human.
12. Storm surge hazards may be worsened by the destruction of ______________
13. A sudden rise of seawater due to tropical cyclone is called _______
14. In Tamil Nadu coast ____________ and __________ districts are frequently affected.
15. The drought could be classified into _______________ major types.
16. Presence of steep slope and heavy rainfall are the major causes of __________
17. The word 'tsu' meaning _____
18. The word 'nami' meaning _____
19. The atomic bomb dropped on Hiroshima (Japan) in _________
20 . ________ the wastes resulting from ordnance manufacturing and some industrial gases.
21. ................. refers to huge ocean waves caused by an earthquake, landslide (or) volcanic eruption.

Answer:
1. Three
2. big urban
3. Twenty first
4. a game of dice
5. long
6. Hazards
7. Earthquake
8. $0.03 \%$
9. $20.95 \%$
10. Chernobyl
11. Socio - natural
12. mangroves
13. storm surge
14. Cuddalore, Nagapattinam
15. three
16. Landslides
17. harbour
18. 'wave'
19. 1945
20. Explosives
21. Tsunami
III. Match the following

Answer:
1. $\mathrm{c}$
2. e
3. $\mathrm{d}$
4. b
5. a

Answer:
1. e
2. d
3. b
4. c
5. a
IV. State True or False
1. Hazards are classified into natural, human - made and socio - natural hazards
2. Earthquake is a violent tremor in the earth's crust, sending out a series of shock waves in all directions from its place of origin.
3. Heavy rainfall and large waves in seas are not the common causes of flood.
4. The West coast of India is more vulnerable to storm surge than the east coast.
5. The coastal belt around the Gulf of Kutch.
6. The droughts could be classified into six types.
7. Hydro - logical droughts is associated with reduction of water in streams, rivers and reservoirs.
8. Agricultural drought refers to the condition in which the agricultural crops get affected due to more of rainfall.
9. Weak ground structure, mining, construction of roads and railways over the mountains are the causes of landslides.
10. The word 'Tsunami' is derived from latin world 'tsu' meaning harbour.

Answer:
1. True
2. True
3. False
4. False
5. True

6. False
7. True
8. False
9. True
10. False
V. Consider the following statements and Tick $(\checkmark)$ the appropriate answer

Question 1.
Which of the following statements are correct:
(i) Oxides of Nitrogen are primary pollutants which affects the human beings.
(ii) On the basis of origin, hazard can be grouped into eight categories.
(iii) Delayed actions may increase the economic losses.
(iv) The major causes of water pollution in India are sewages and soil wastes,
(a) (i) \& (ii) are Correct
(b) (i), (ii) \& (iii) are Correct
(c) (i), (ii) and (iv) are Correct
(d) (i), (ii), (iii) and (iv) are Correct

Answer:
(d) (i), (ii), (iii) and (iv) are Correct

Question 2.
Consider the following statements and tick the appropriate answer
Statement (A) : Water pollution may be defined as alteration in which the physical, chemical and biological characteristics of water.
Reason (R) : Water pollution cause harmful effects in human and aquatic life.
(a) $A$ is correct and $R$ is the correct explanation of $A$
(b) $A$ is correct but $R$ is not correct explanation of $A$
(c) Both $\mathrm{A}$ and $\mathrm{R}$ are correct
(d) Both A and Rare wrong

Answer:
(a) $\mathrm{A}$ is correct and $\mathrm{R}$ is the correct explanation of $\mathrm{A}$

Question 3.
Which one of rthe following is correctly matched?
(a) Secondary Pollutant - Smog
(b)Primary Pollutant - Ground Level Ozone
(c) Water Pollution - Earthquake
(d) 2016 - Tsunami in India

Answer:
(a) Secondary Pollutant - Smog

Question 4.
Which one of the following is not correctly matched?
(a) Ecosystem - Hazardous waste
(b) Chemic1als - Explosives
(c) Carbon di oxide $-0.05 \%$
(d) Oxygen $-20.95 \%$

Answer:
(C) Carbon di oxide $-0.05 \%$
VI. Answer the following one or two sentences

Question 1.
List out any four major causes of water pollution in India.
Answer:
1. Urbanization
2. Industrial effluents
3. Se-wages
4. Solid wastes

Question 2.
Define prevention.
Answer:
Prevention is defined as the activities taken to prevent a natural calamity or potential hazard from having harmful effects on either people or economic assets.

Question 3.
Define Water Pollution.
Answer:
Water Pollution may be defined as alteration in the physical, chemical and biological characteristics of water, which may cause harmful effects in human and aquatic life.

Question 4.
List out any four major hazardous wastes.
Answer:
1. Chemicals
2. Biomedical wastes
3. Flammable wastes
4. Explosives

Question 5.
What do you mean by Tsunami?
Answer:
1. Tsunami refers to huge ocean waves caused by an earthquake, landslide or volcanic eruption.
2. It is generally noticed in the coastal regions and travel between 640 and $960 \mathrm{Km} / \mathrm{h}$.

Question 6.
List out the major drought prone areas of our country.
Answer:
1. The arid and semi arid region from Ahmadabad to Kanpur on one side and from Kanpur to Jalandhar on the other.
2. The dry region lying in the leeward side of the Western Ghats.

Question 7.
What is earthquake?
Answer:
Earthquake is a violent tremor in the earth's crust, sending out a series of shock waves in all directions from its place of origin.

Question 8.
List out the Atmospheric hazards.
Answer:
Tropical storms, Thunderstorms, Lightning, Tornadoes, Avalanches, Heat waves, fog and forest fire.

Question 9.
What do you meant by hazard?
Answer:
The word 'hazard' owes its origin to the word 'hazart' in old French meaning a game of dice (in Arabic-az-zahr; in Spanish - azar).
VII. Answer the following in detail

Question 1
What is flood? What are the Major causes of flood?
Answer:
Meaning of flood :
1. Flood is an event in which a part of the earth's surface gets inundated.
2. Heavy rainfall and large waves in seas are the common causes of flood.

Major causes of floods: The Major causes of floods are, 1. Meteorological Factors:
- Heavy rainfall
- Tropical cyclones
- Cloud burst
2. Physical Factors:
- Large catchment area.
- Inadequate drainage arrangement
3. Human Factors:
- Deforestation
- Siltation
- Faulty agricultural practices
- Faulty irrigation practices
- Collapse of dams
- Accelerated urbanization

Question 2.
What is cyclonic storms? Explain about the cyclonic storms.

Answer:
Cyclonic Storms:
1. A Cyclonic storm is a strong wind circulating around a low pressure area in the atmosphere.
2. It rotates in anti-clockwise direction in Northern Hemisphere and clockwise in the southern Hemisphere.
3. Tropical Cyclones are characterized by destructive winds, storms surges and exceptional levels of rainfall, which may cause flooding.
4. Wind speed may reach upto $200 \mathrm{Km} / \mathrm{h}$ and rainfall may record upto $50 \mathrm{~cm} /$ day for several consecutive days.
5. A sudden rise of seawater due to tropical cyclone is called storm surge.
6. It is more common in the regions of shallow coastal water.

East Coastal areas vulnerable to storm surges:
1. North Odisha and West Bengal coasts. ,
2. Andhra Pradesh coast between Ongole and Machilipatnam.
3. Tamil Nadu coast (among 13 coastal districts, Nagapattinam and Cuddalore districts are frequently affected).

West Coastal areas vulnerable to storm surges:
1. The west coast of India is less vulnerable to storm surges than the east coast.
2. Maharashtra coast, North of Hamai and adjoining South Gujarat coast and the coastal belt around the Gulf of Cambay.
3. The coastal belt around the Gulf of Kutch.

Question 3.
Give a detailed explanation about droughts.
Answer:
Droughts:
Any lack of water to satisfy the normal needs of agriculture, livestock, industry or human population may be termed as a drought.

Classifications of drought:
The drought could be classified into three major types. They are:
1. Meteorological drought:
$\mathrm{ft}$ is a situation where there is a reduction in rainfall for a specific period below ' a specific level.
2. Hydrological drought:

It is associated with reduction of water in streams, rivers and reservoirs. It is of two types.
- Surface water and
- Ground water drought
3. Agricultural drought:
- It refers to the condition in which the agricultural crops get affected due to lack of rainfall.
- Droughts in India occur in the event of failure monsoon.

The Major areas highly prone to drought are:
- The arid and semi arid region from Ahmadabad to Kanpur on one side and from Kanpur to Jalandhar on the other.
- The dry region lying in the leeward side of the Western Ghats.