Text Book Back Questions and Answers - Chapter 12 Plant Anatomy and Plant Physiology 10th Science Guide Samacheer Kalvi Solutions - SaraNextGen [2024-2025]

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Chapter 12 - Plant Anatomy and Plant Physiology - 10th Science Guide Samacheer Kalvi Solutions

I. Choose the correct answer.
Question $1 .$
Casparian strips are present in the of the root.
(a) cortex
(b) pith
(c) pericycle
(d) endodermis.
Answer:
(d) endodermis
 

Question 2.
The endarch condition is the characteristic feature of:
(a) root
(b) stem
(c) leaves
(d) flower
Answer:
(b) stem
 

Question $3 .$
The xylem and phloem arranged side by side on same radius is called
(a) radial
(b) amphivasal
(c) conjoint
(d) none of these.
Answer:
(c) conjoint

Question $4 .$
Which is formed during anaerobic respiration?
(a) Carbohydrate
(b) Ethyl alcohol
(c) Acetyl CoA
(d) Pyruvate.
Answer:
(b) Ethyl alcohol
 

Question $5 .$
Kreb's cycle takes place in:
(a) chloroplast
(b) mitochondrial matrix
(c) stomata
(d) inner mitochondrial membrane
Answer:
(b) mitochondrial matrix
 

Question 6.
Oxygen is produced at what point during photosynthesis?
(a) when ATP is converted to ADP
(b) when $\mathrm{CO}_{2}$ is fixed
(c) when $\mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{O}$ is splitted
(d) All of these.

Answer:
(b) when $\mathrm{CO}_{2}$ is fixed
 

II. Fill in the blanks
Question $1 .$
Cortex lies between______
Answer:
Epidermis and endodermis.
 

Question $2 .$
Xylem and phloem occur on the same radius constitute a vascular bundle called______
Answer:
Conjoint.
 

Question $3 .$
Glycolysis takes place in______
Answer:
The cytoplasm of the cell.
 

Question $4 .$
The source of $\mathrm{O}_{2}$ liberated in photosynthesis is______
Answer:
Byproduct.
 

Question $5 .$
______is ATP factory of the cells.
Answer:
Mitochondria.
 

III. State whether the statements are true or false. Correct the false statement
Question $1 .$
Phloen tissue is involved in the transport of water in a plant.
Answer:
False.
Correct Statement: Phloem tissue is involved in the transport of food in plants.
 

Question 2.
The waxy protective covering of a plant is called cuticle.
Answer:
True.

Question 3.
In monocot, stem cambium is present in between xylem and phloem.
Answer:
False. Correct Statement: In monocot stem, the cambium is absent in between xylem and phloem.
 

Question $4 .$
Palisade parenchyma cells occur below the upper epidermis in dicot root.
Answer:
False.
Correct Statement: Palisade parenchyma cells occur below the upper epidermis in dicot leaf.
 

Question $5 .$
Mesophyll contains chlorophyll.
Answer:
True.
 

Question $6 .$
Anaerobic respiration produces more ATP than aerobic respiration.
Answer:
True.
 

IV. Match the following
Question $1 .$

Answer:
1. (c) Fem
2. (d) Secondary growth
3. (a) Dracaena
4. (e) Conduction of water
5. (b) Translocation of food.
 

$\mathrm{V}$. Answer in a Sentence
Question $1 .$
What is the collateral vascular bundle?
Answer:
When xylem lies towards the centre and phloem lies towards the periphery, it is called the collateral vascular bundle.
 

Question $2 .$
Where does the carbon that is used in photosynthesis come from?
Answer:
Carbondioxide present in atmosphere.
 

Question 3.
What is the common step in the aerobic and anaerobic pathway?
Answer:
Glycolysis is the common step in the aerobic and anaerobic pathway.
 

Question $4 .$
Name the phenomenon by which carbohydrates are oxidized to release ethyl alcohol.
Answer:
Fermentation (Anaerobic respiration)
 

VI. Short Answer Questions:

Question $1 .$
Give an account on a vascular bundle of dicot stem.
Answer:
The vascular bundles of dicot stem are:
- Conjoint: Xylem and phloem lie on the same radius.
- Collateral: Xylem lies towards the centre and phloem lies towards the periphery.
- Endarch: Protoxylem lies towards the centre and metaxylem lies towards the periphery.
- Open: The cambium is present in between xylem and phloem.
The vascular bundles are arranged in the form of a ring around the pith.
 

Question $2 .$
Write a short note on mesophyll.
Answer:
The tissue present between the upper and lower epidermis in leaf is called mesophyll. It is differentiated into palisade and spongy parenchyma.
 

Question $3 .$
Draw and label the structure of oxysomes.

Answer:

Question $4 .$
Name the three basic tissues system in flowering plants.
Answer:
The three basic tissue system in flowering plants are:
1. Dermal or Epidermal tissue system
2. Ground tissue system
3. Vascular tissue system
 

Question $5 .$
What is photosynthesis and wherein a cell does it occur?
Answer:
Photosynthesis is a process in which the green plants use sunlight and the green pigment chlorophyll, to synthesize, nutrients from carbon dioxide from air and water. The photosynthesis occurs in green parts of the plant such as leaves, stems and floral buds.
 

Question 6.
What is respiratory quotient?
Answer:
The ratio of volume of carbon dioxide liberated and the volume of oxygen consumed, during respiration is called Respiratory Quotient (R.Q)
R. Q. $=\frac{\text { Volume of } \mathrm{CO}_{2} \text { liberated }}{\text { Volume of } \mathrm{O}_{2} \text { consumed }}$
 

Question 7.
Why should the light dependent reaction occur before the light independent reaction?
Answer:
During light dependent reaction photosynthesis pigment absorb the light energy and convert it into chemical energy ATP and $\mathrm{NADPH}_{2}$.
During light independent $\mathrm{CO}_{2}$ is reduced into carbohydrates with the help of ATP and $\mathrm{NADPH}_{2}$ produced during light dependent reaction.

Question 8.
Write the reaction for photosynthesis.
Answer:

VII. Long Answer Questions
Question $1 .$
Differentiate the following
(a) Monocot root and Dicot root
(b) Aerobic and Anaerobic respiration.
Answer:
(a) Monocot root and Dicot root

(b) Aerobic and Anaerobic respiration

Question $2 .$
Describe and name three stages of cellular respiration that aerobic organisms use to obtain energy from glucose.
Answer:
The three stages of Aerobic respiration are:
(i) Glycolysis (Glucose splitting): It is the breakdown of one molecule of glucose into two molecules of pyruvic acid. Glycolysis takes place in the cytoplasm of the cell. It is the first step of both aerobic and anaerobic respiration.
(ii) Krebs Cycle: This cycle occurs in the mitochondria matrix. At the end of glycolysis, 2 molecules of pyruvic acid enter into mitochondria. The oxidation of pyruvic acid into $\mathrm{CO}_{2}$ and water takes place through this cycle. It is also called the Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle (TCA).
(iii) Electron Transport Chain: This is accomplished through a system of electron carrier complex called electron transport chain (ETC) located on the inner membrane of the mitochondria. $\mathrm{NADH}_{2}$ and $\mathrm{FADH}_{2}$ molecules formed during glycolysis and Krebs cycle are oxidised to $\mathrm{NAD}^{+}$and $\mathrm{FAD}^{+}$to release the energy via electrons. As they move, the electron release energy which is trapped by ADP to synthesis ATP. This is called oxidative phosphorylation. In this $\mathrm{O}_{2}$ gets reduced to water.
 

Question $3 .$
How does the light - dependent reaction differ from the light - independent reaction? What are the end products and reactants in each? Where does each reaction occur within the chloroplast?
Answer:
Light - dependent photosynthesis is called Hill reaction or Light reaction. The Light independent reactions are called Biosynthetic phase.

In the light - dependent reaction, the chlorophyll absorbs the light energy and convert it into chemical energy ATP and $\mathrm{NADPH}_{2}$. In the light - independent reaction, $\mathrm{CO}_{2}$ is reduced into carbohydrates with the help of light generated ATP and $\mathrm{NADPH}_{2}$. The light - dependent reaction is carried out in the Grana of the chloroplast. The Light independent reaction is carried out in the stroma of the chloroplast.

VIII. Higher Order Thinking Skills(HOTS) Questions
Question $1 .$
The reactions of photosynthesis make up a biochemical pathway.
(A) What are the reactants and products for both light and dark reactions?
(B) Explain how the biochemical pathway of photosynthesis recycles many of its own reactions and identify the recycled reactants.
Answer:
(a) Light reactions are carried out in the Thylakoid membranes (Grana) of the chloroplast which use water and energy from the Sun to produce NADPH, ATP and Oxygen. The Dark reaction is carried out in the stroma of the chloroplast. It uses NADPH, ATP and $\mathrm{CO}_{2}$ and produces NADP $+\mathrm{ADP}+\mathrm{P}$ and high energy sugars.
(b) The Light reactions use light to synthesize ATP and NADPH. The dark reaction or Calvin cycle uses these reactants to produce sugar from additional $\mathrm{CO}_{2}$ molecule. This cycle then produces $\mathrm{NAP}+$ $\mathrm{ADP}+\mathrm{P}$; (inorganic phosphate) which is used in the light reactions, with water molecules to produce ATP and NADPH again.
 

Question $2 .$
Where do the light-dependent reaction and the Calvin cycle occur in the chloroplast?
Answer:
Light-dependent reaction takes place in the presence of light energy in thylakoid membranes (grana) of the chloroplast Calvin cycle occurs at the stroma of the chloroplast.
 

I. Choose the correct answer
Question $1 .$
The father of Plant Anatomy is
(a) Melvin Calvin
(b) C.N.R. Rao
(c) Robin Hill
(d) Nehemiah Grew.
Answer:
(d) Nehemiah Grew:

Question $2 .$
The passage cells are found in endodermis of:
(a) dicot stem
(b) monocot stem
(c) dicot root
(d) dicot leaf
Answer:
(c) dicot root
 

Question $3 .$
The vascular bundle consists of
(a) Xylem and Phloem
(b) Hypodermis and Endodermis
(c) Cortex and Pericycle
(d) Pith and Stele.
Answer:
(a) Xylem and Phloem
 

Question $4 .$
The vascular bundles are skull shaped in:
(a) dicot root
(b) monocot root
(c) dicot stem
(d) monocot stem
Answer:
(d) monocot stem
 

Question $5 .$
The protoxylem lacuna is present in the vascular bundles of:
(a) dicot root
(b) monocot root
(c) dicot stem
(d) monocot stem
Answer:
(d) monocot stem
 

II. Fill in the blanks
Question $1 .$
The epidermis has many minute pores called______
Answer:
Stomata.

Question $2 .$
Epiblema, the outermost layer of the root is called______ Or ______layer.
Answer:
Rhizodermis or Piliferous.
 

Question $3 .$
All the tissues, inner to Endodermis constitute______
Answer:
Stele.
 

Question $4 .$
______provides mechanical support to plants.
Answer:
Sclerenchyma.
 

Question $5 .$
The barrel-shaped innermost layer of Dicot stem Endodermis is also called______
Answer:
Starch Sheath.
 

Question $6 .$
Each vascular bundle of monocot stem is surrounded by a few-layer of sclerenchyma cells called______
Answer:
Bundle Sheath
 

Question $7 .$
______consists of sieve tubes and elements of companion cells.
Answer:
Phloem.

III. State whether the statements are true or false. Correct the false statement.
Question $1 .$
Pith is differentiated in monocot stems.
Answer:
False.
Correct Statement: Pith is not differentiated in monocot stems.
 

Question $2 .$
In monocot leaves, the mesophyll is not differentiated into palisade and spongy parenchyma.
Answer:
True.
 

Question $3 .$
Dicot leaf is an isobilateral leaf.
Answer:
False.
Correct Statement: Monocot leaf is an isobilateral leaf.
 

Question $4 .$
The lateral roots of dicot plant originate from the stele.
Answer:
False.
Correct Statement: The lateral roots of dicot plant originate from the pericycle.
 

Question $5 .$
Cuticle and Stomata are absent in Epiblema of Dicot root.
Answer:
True.
 

IV. Match the following

Question $1 .$

Answer:
1. (d) Colourless plastids
2. (c) Chlorophyll and Carotenoids
3. (e) Green pigment
4. (b) Inner mitochondrial membrane
5. (a) Photosystems.
 

V. Short Answer Questions
Question $1 .$
Where does the break down of pyruvate to give carbondioxide, water and energy takes place?
Answer:
The break down of pyruvate to give carbondioxide. water and energy takes place in Mitochondria.
 

Question 2.
Draw the overview of Hill and Calvin Cycle.
Answer:

Question $3 .$
Name the energy currency in the living organism. When and where it is produced?
Answer:
Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) is called the energy currency in the living organism. It is produced in mitochondria during the process of respiration.
 

Question $4 .$
What are Bulliform cells?
Answer:
Some of the upper epidermal cells of monocot leaves are large and thin-walled. So they are called Bulliform cells.
 

Question $5 .$
Label the parts of the transverse section of Dicot Root.
Answer:

Question $6 .$
Define conjuctive tissue.
Answer:
The tissue present between xylem and phloem is called conjuctive tissue. In monocot the conjuctive tissue is sclerenchymatous tissue and in dicot it is parenchymatous tissue.
 

Question $7 .$
List out the two important factors which affect photosynthesis.
Answer:
1. Internal Factors:
- Pigments
- Leafage
- Accumulation of carbohydrates
- Hormones
2. External Factors:
- Light
- Carbon dioxide
- Temperature
- Water
- Mineral elements
 

Question 8.
Mention the components and functions of different Tissue Systems.
Answer:

VI. Long Answer Questions
Question $1 .$
(a) Label the parts of the Transverse section of a monocot stem.
(b) Mention the differences between Dicot and Monocot stem.
Answer:
(a)

(b)

Question $2 .$
With a labelled diagram, explain the structure and function of mitochondria.
Answer:
Mitochondrial Membranes: It consists of two membranes called inner and outer membrane. Each membrane is $60-70 \mathrm{~A}^{\circ}$ thick. The outer mitochondrial membrane is smooth and freely permeable to most small molecules. It contains enzymes, proteins and lipids. It has porin molecules (proteins) which form channels for passage of molecules through it.

The inner mitochondrial membrane is semi - permeable membrane and regulates the passage of materials into and out of the mitochondria. It is rich in enzymes and carrier proteins. It consists of $80 \%$ of proteins and lipids.

Cristae: The inner mitochondrial membrane gives rise to finger-like projections called cristae. These cristae increase the inner surface area (fold in the inner membrane) of the mitochondria to hold a variety of enzymes.

Oxysomes: The inner mitochondrial membrane bear minute regularly spaced tennis racket shaped particles known as oxysomes ( $F_{1}$ particle). They involve in ATP synthesis.

Mitochondrial matrix: It is a complex mixture of proteins and lipids. The matrix contains enzymes for Krebs cycle, mitochondrial ribosomes( $70 \mathrm{~S})$, tRNAs and mitochondrial DNA.
 

Question $3 .$
(a) Draw and label the ultrastructure of a chloroplast.
(b) Write the structure and function of the chloroplast.
Answer:
(a) Ultra Structure of a Chloroplast.

(b) Structure and function of Chloroplast.
Chloroplasts are green plastids, containing the green pigment called Chlorophyll. It has the following structures:
1. Envelope: It has outer and inner membranes, which are separated by intermembrane space.
2. Stroma: Matrix present inside to the membrane is called stroma, which contains DNA, $70 \mathrm{~S}$ ribosomes and other molecules needed for protein synthesis.
3. Thylakoids: It consists of thylakoid membrane that encloses thylakoid lumen. Thylakoid forms a stack of disc - like structures called granum.
4. Grana: Some of the thylakoids are arranged in the form of discs, stacked one above the other called grana. These stacks are termed as grana, they are interconnected to each other by membranous lamellae called Fret channels.
Functions:
- Photosynthesis
- Storage of starch
- Synthesis of fatty acids
- Storage of lipids
- Formation of chloroplasts.
 

VIII. Higher Order Thinking Skills (HOTS) Questions
Question $1 .$
What are non - green plants? Give an example.
Answer:
The plants, which do not have the green pigment, Chlorophyll and so they cannot prepare their food independently are called non-green plants. Eg. Orchids lack Chlorophyll.

Question $2 .$
Protophloem is the first formed phloem. If the protophloem surrounds by xylem, what kind of arrangement of phloem would you call it Give example.
Answer:
If the protophloem is surrounded by xylem the vascular bundle is said to be Concentric Amphivasal Vascular bundles. Eg: Dracaena
 

Question 3.
How does photosynthesis take place on plants that have, red, brown and yellow leaves, and are not green? How do they prepare food?
Answer:
These leaves have a much larger concentration of chromoplasts, which synthesize and store pigments such as orange carotenes, yellow xanthophylls and other red pigments. But these leaves, still possess chlorophy1l 'a' and chlorophyll ' $b$ ' and can synthesize food. But these leaves have more chromoplasts and so the leaves do not appear green. Yet they can prepare food.
 

Question $4 .$
The cross-section of a plant material shown the following features on viewing under the microscope.
(a) Radially arranged Vascular bundles
(b) Xylem is exarch and polyarch
(c) Metaxylem is polygonal in shape.
Identify the slide.
Answer:
The given features are characters of dicot root.