Text Book Back Questions and Answers - Chapter 4 Principles and Processes of Biotechnology 12th Biology Botany Guide Samacheer Kalvi Solutions - SaraNextGen [2024-2025]

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On April 24, 2024, 11:35 AM

Principles and Processes of Biotechnology
TextBook Back Questions and Answers
Question 1.
Restriction enzymes are
(a) Not always required in genetic engineering
(b) Essential tools in genetic engineering
(c) Nucleases that cleave DNA at specific sites
(d) both b and $\mathrm{c}$
Answer:
(d) both b and c
Question 2.
Plasmids are
(a) circular protein molecules
(b) required by bacteria
(c) tiny bacteria
(d) confer resistance to antibiotics
Answer:
(d) confer resistance to antibiotics
Question 3.
EcoRI cleaves DNA at
(a) AGGGTT
(b) GTATATC
(c) GAATTC
(d) TATAGC
Answer:
(c) GAATTC
Question 4.
Genetic engineering is
(a) making artificial genes
(b) hybridization of DNA of one organism to that of the others.
(c) production of alcohol by using micro organisms.
(d) making artificial limbs, diagnostic instruments such as ECG and EEG, etc.
Answer:
(b) hybridization of DNA of one organism to that of the others.

Question 5
Consider the following statements:
i. Recombinant DNA technology is popularly known as genetic engineering is a stream of,biotechnology which deals with the manipulation of genetic materials by man invitro
ii. pBR322 is the first artificial cloning vector developed in 1977 by Boliver and Rodriguez from E.coli plasmid.
iii. Restriction enzymes belongs to a class of enzymes called nucleases. Choose the correct option regarding above statements
(a) $i$ and ii
(b) $i$ and iii
(c) ii and iii
(d) i,ii and iii
Answer:
(d) $i$,ii and iii
Question 6.
The process of recombinant DNA technology has the following steps
i. Amplication of the gene.
ii. Insertion of recombinant DNA into the host cells.
iii. Cutting of DNA at specific location using restriction enzyme.
iv. Isolation of genetic material (DNA).
Pick out the correct sequence of step for recombinant DNA technology.
(a) ii, iii, iv, and i
(b) iv, ii, iii, and $i$
(c) i, ii, iii and iv
(d) iv, iii, i, and ii
Answer:
(d) iv, iii, i, and ii
Question 7.
Which one of the following palindromic base sequence in DNA can be easily cut at about the middle by some particular restriction enzymes?
(a) 5' CGTTCG 3' ATCGTA5'
(b) 5' GATATG 3' CTACTA5'
(c) 5' GAATTC 3' CTTAAG 5'
(d) 5' CACGTA 3' CTCAGT 5'
Answer:
(c) 5' GAATTC 3' CTTAAG 5'
Question 8.
pBR $322, \mathrm{BR}$ stands for
(a) Plasmid Bacterial Recombination
(b) Plasmid Bacterial Replications
(c) Plasmid Boliver and Rodriguez
(d) Plasmid Baltimore and Rodriguez
Answer:
(c) Plasmid Boliver and Rodriguez

Question 9.
Which of the following one is used as a Biosensors?
(a) Electrophoresis
(b) Bioreactors
(c) Vectors
(d) Electroporation
Answer:
(b) Bioreactors
Question 10 .
Match the following

(A) a b c d
(B) c db a
(C) a c b d
(D) c d a b
Answer:
(D) c d a b
Question 11.
In which techniques Ethidium Bromide is used?
(a) Southern Blotting techniques
(b) Western Blotting techniques
(c) Polymerase Chain Reaction
(d) Agarose Gel Electrophoresis
Answer:
(d) Agarose Gel Electrophoresis
Question 12 .
Assertion: Agrobacterium tumifaciens is popular in genetic engineering because this bacteriumis associated with the root nodules of all cereals and pulse crops.
Reason: A gene incorporated in the bacterial chromosomal genome gets automatically transferred to the cross with which bacterium is associated.
(a) Both assertion and reason are true. But reason is correct explanation of assertion.
(b) Both assertion and reason are true. But reason is not correct explanation of assertion.
(c) Assertion is true, but reason is false.
(d) Assertion is false, but reason is true.
(e) Both assertion and reason are false.
Answer:
(a) Both assertion and reason are true. But reason is correct explanation of assertion.

Question 13.
Which one of the following is not correct statement?
(a) Ti plasmid causes the bunchy top disease
(b) Multiple cloning site is known as Polylinker
(c) Non-viral method of transfection of Nucleic acid in cell
(d) Polylactic acid is a kind of biodegradable and bioactive thermoplastic.
Answer:
(a) Ti plasmid causes the bunchy top disease
Question 14 .
An analysis of chromosomal DNA using the southern hybridisation technique does not use
(a) Electrophoresis
(b) Blotting
(c) Autoradiography
(d) Polymerase Chain Reaction
Answer:
(a) Electrophoresis
Question 15.
An antibiotic gene in a vector usually helps in the selection of
(a) Competent cells
(b) Transformed cells
(c) Recombinant cells
(d) None of the above
Answer:
(a) Competent cells
Question 16.
Some of the characteristics of Bt cotton are
(a) Long fibre and resistant to aphids
(b) Medium yield, long fibre and resistant to beetle pests
(c) high yield and production of toxic protein crystals which kill dipteran pests.
(d) High yield and resistant to ball worms
Answer:
(b) Medium yield, long fibre and resistant to beetle pests
Question 17.
How do you use the biotechnology in modern practice?
Answer:
In modem practice, biotechnology is used in the development of herbicide resistance plants, improved crop varieties, producing pharma products like insulin, developing vaccines, diagnosing genetic diseases and designing drgus etc.
Question 18 .
What are the materials used to grow microorganism like Spirulinal
Answer:

Spirulina can be grown easily on materials like waste water from potato processing plants (containing starch), straw, molasses, animal manure and even sewage, to produce large quantities.
Question 19.
You are working in a biotechnology lab with a bacterium namely E.coli. How will you cut the nucleotide sequence? explain it.
Answer:
The DNA nucleotide sequence can be cut using Restriction endonucleases (RE). Restriction endonucleases - EcoRI cuts the DNA at GAATTC seqUence, producing sticky ends.CTTAAG
Question 20.
What are the enzymes you can use to cut terminal end and internal phospho diester bond of nucleotide sequence?
Answer:
Restriction exonuclease are the restriction enzyme used to cut nucleotides from the terminal end of DNA. Whereas, restriction endonucleases cut the internal phospho diester bond with DNA molecule.
Question 21.
Name the chemicals used in gene transfer.
Answer:
Polyethylene Glycol (PEG) and Dextran Sulphate.
Question 22.
What do you know about the word pBR332?
Answer:
pBR 322 plasmid is a reconstructed plasmid and most widely used as cloning vector; it contains 4361 base pairs. In $\mathrm{pBR}, \mathrm{p}$ denotes plasmid, $\mathrm{B}$ and $\mathrm{R}$ respectively the names of scientist Roliver and/fodriguez who developed this plasmid. The number is the number of plasmid developed from their laboratory.

It contains ampR and tetR two different antibiotic resistance genes and recognition sites for several restriction enzymes. (Hind III, EcoRI, BamH I, Sal I, Pvu II, Pst I and Cla I), ori and antibiotic resistance genes. Rop codes for the proteins involved in the replication of the plasmid.
Question 23.
Mention the application of biotechnology.
Answer:
1. Biotechnology is one of the most important applied interdisciplinary sciences of the 21 st century. It is the trusted area that enables us to find the beneficial way of life.
2. Biotechnology has wide applications in various sectors like agriculture, medicine,environment and commercial industries.
3. This science has an invaluable outcome like transgenic varieties of plants e.g. transgenic cotton (Btcotton), rice, tomato, tobacco, cauliflower, potato and banana.
4. The development of transgenics as pesticide resistant, stress resistant and disease resistant varieties of agricultural crops is the immense outcome of biotechnology.
5. The synthesis of human insulin and blood protein in E.coli and utilized for insulin deficiency disorder in human is a breakthrough in biotech industries in medicine.
6. The synthesis of vaccines, enzymes, antibiotics, dairy products and beverages are the products of biotech industries.
7. Biochip based biological computer is one of the successes of biotechnology.
8. Genetic engineering involves genetic manipulation, tissue culture involves aseptic cultivation of totipotent plant cell into plant clones under controlled atmospheric conditions.
9. Single cell protein from Spirulina is utilized in food industries.
10. Production of secondary metabolites, biofertilizers, biopesticides and enzymes.
11. Biomass energy, biofuel, bioremediation and phytoremediation for environmental biotechnology.
Question 24.
What are restriction enzyme. Mention their type with role in biotechnology.
Answer:
Restriction enzymes are the enzymes of bacterial origin which cleaves DNA into fragments at or near specific recognition sites within DNA molecules. This principle is used in biotechnology to cut and insert the desired gene (gene of interest) thereby generating an rDNA with desirable characters.
Question 25.
Is there any possibilities to transfer a suitable desirable gene to host plant without vector? Justify your answer.
Answer:
Yes, it is possible to transfer a suitable desired gene to a host plant using certain chemicals, microinjection method, electroporation or by biolistics.

Question 26.
How will you identify a vector?
Answer:
1. Vectors are able to replicate autonomously to produce multiple copies of them along with their DNA insert in the host cell.
2. It should be small in size and of low molecular weight, less than $10 \mathrm{~Kb}$ (kilo base pair) in size so that entry/transfer into host cell is easy.
3. Vector must contain an origin of replication so that it can independently replicate within the host.
4. It should contain a suitable marker such as antibiotic resistance, to permit its detection in transformed host cell.
5. Vector should have unique target sites for integration with DNA insert and should have the ability to integrate with DNA insert it carries into the genome of the host cell. Most of the commonly used cloning vectors have more than one restriction site. These are Multiple Cloning Site (MCS) or polylinker. Presence of MCS facilitates the use of restriction enzyme of choice.
Question 27.
Compare the various types of Blotting techniques.
Answer:

Question 28.
Write the advantages of herbicide tolerant crops.
Answer:
Advantages of Herbicide Tolerant Crops:
- Weed control improves higher crop yields;
- Reduces spray of herbicide;
- Reduces competition between crop plant and weed;
- Use of low toxicity compounds which do not remain active in the soil; and
- The ability to conserve soil structure and microbes.
Question 29.
Write the advantages and disadvantages of $\mathrm{Bt}$ cotton.
Answer:
The advantages of $\mathrm{Bt}$ cotton are:
1. Yield of cotton is increased due to effective control of bollworms.
2. Reduction in insecticide use in the cultivation of Bt cotton
3. Potential reduction in the cost of cultivation.
4. Cost of Bt cotton seed is high.
5. Effectiveness up to 120 days after that efficiency is reduced.
6. Ineffective against sucking pests like jassids, aphids and whitefly.
7. Affects pollinating insects and thus yield.
Question 30 .
What is bioremediation? Give some examples of bioremediation.
Bioremediation:
It is defined as the use of microorganisms or plants to clean up environmental pollution. It is an approach used to treat wastes including wastewater, industrial waste and solid waste. Bioremediation process is applied to the removal of oil, petrochemical residues, pesticides or heavy metals from soil or ground water.
In many cases, bioremediation is less expensive and more sustainable than other physical and chemical methods of remediation. Bioremediation process is a cheaper and eco-friendly approach and can deal with lower concentrations of contaminants more effectively. The strategies for bioremediation in soil and water can be as follows:
1. Use of indigenous microbial population as indicator species for bioremediation process.
2. Bioremediation with the addition of adapted or designed microbial inoculants.
3. Use of plants for bioremediation - green technology.

Question 31.
Write the benefits and risk of Genetically Modified Foods.
Answer:
GM Food - Benefits:
1. High yield without pest.
2. $70 \%$ reduction of pesticide usage.
3. Reduce soil pollution problem.
4. Conserve microbial population in soil.
Risks - believed to:
1. Affect liver, kidney function and cancer.
2. Hormonal imbalance and physical disorder.
3. Anaphylactic shock (sudden hypersensitive reaction) and allergies.
4. Adverse effect in immune system because of bacterial protein.
5. Loss of viability of seeds show in terminator seed technology of GM crops.