Exercise 10.1 - Chapter 10 Operations Research 12th Maths Guide Guide Samacheer Kalvi Solutions - SaraNextGen [2024-2025]

Updated On May 15, 2024

By SaraNextGen

Operations Research
$\mathbf{E x} 10.1$
Question 1.
What is the transportation problem?
Solution:
The transportation problem deals with transporting goods from a source to a destination by minimum cost.
Description: A Manufacturer has a number of factories which produces goods at a fixed rate. He also has a number of warehouses, each of which has a fixed storage capacity.
There is a cost to transport goods from a factory to a warehouse. Find the transportation of goods from factory to the warehouse that has the lowest possible cost.
Example:
Factories:
$\mathrm{A}_1$ makes 5 units
$\mathrm{A}_2$ makes 4 units
$\mathrm{A}_3$ makes 6 units
Warehouses:
$\mathrm{b}_1$ can store 5 units
$\mathrm{b}_2$ can store 3 units
$\mathrm{b}_3$ can store 5 units
$\mathrm{b}_4$ can store 2 units
Transportation costs:

Question 2.
Write the mathematical form of transportation problem.
Solution:
Mathematically a transportation problem is nothing but a special linear programming problem in which the objective function is to minimize the cost of transportation subjected to the demand and supply constraints.
Let there be ' $m$ ' sources of supply having ' $a_i$ ' units of supplies respectively to be transported among ' $n$ ' destinations with ' $b_j$ ' units of requirements respectively. Let $C_{i j}$ be the cost of shipping one unit of the commodity from source $\mathrm{i}$ to destination $\mathrm{j}$ for each route. Let $\mathrm{x}_{\mathrm{ij}}$ be the units shipped per route.
Then the LPP is stated below.
Minimize $\mathrm{Z}=\sum_{i=1}^m \sum_{j=1}^n \mathrm{C}_{i j} x_{i j}$ Subject to the constraints
$
\begin{aligned}
& \sum_{j=1}^n x_{i j}=a_i, i=1,2, \ldots \ldots . m \text { (supply constraints) } \\
& \sum_{i=1}^m x_{i j}=b_j, j=1,2, \ldots \ldots . n \text { (demand constraints) } \\
& x_{i j} \geq 0 \text { for all } i j . \text { (non-negative restrictions) }
\end{aligned}
$
Question 3.
What are a feasible solution and non-degenerate solution in the transportation problem?
Solution:
Feasible Solution: A feasible solution to a transportation problem is a set of non-negative values $\mathrm{x}_{\mathrm{ij}}(\mathrm{i}=1,2, . ., \mathrm{m}, \mathrm{j}=1,2, \ldots \mathrm{n})$ that satisfies the constraints.
Non-degenerate basic feasible Solution: If a basic feasible solution to a transportation problem contains exactly $\mathrm{m}+\mathrm{n}-1$ allocation in independent positions, it is called a Non-degenerate basic feasible solution. Here $\mathrm{m}$ is the number of rows and $\mathrm{n}$ is the number of columns in a transportation problem.
Question 4.
What do you mean by balanced transportation problem?
Solution:
The balanced transportation problem is a transportation problem where the total availability at the origins is equal to the total requirements at the destinations.
(i.e) $\sum_{i=1}^m a_i=\sum_{j=1}^n b_i$
A feasible solution can be obtained to these problems by Northwest comer method, minimum cost method (or) Vogel's approximation method.
Question 5.
Find an initial basic feasible solution of the following problem using north-west corner rule.
Demand $16 \quad 18 \quad 31 \quad 25$

Solution:
Given the transportation table is

Total supply $=$ Total Demand $=90$.
The given problem is a balanced transportation problem.
Hence there exists a feasible solution to the given problem.
First allocation:

Second allocation:

Third allocation:

Fourth allocation:

Fifth allocation:

Final allocation:

Transportation schedule:
$
\begin{aligned}
& \mathrm{O}_1 \rightarrow \mathrm{D}_1, \mathrm{O}_1 \rightarrow \mathrm{D}_2, \mathrm{O}_2 \rightarrow \mathrm{D}_2, \mathrm{O}_2 \rightarrow \mathrm{D}_3, \mathrm{O}_3 \rightarrow \mathrm{D}_3, \mathrm{O}_3 \rightarrow \mathrm{D}_4 \\
& \text { (i.e) } \mathrm{x}_{11}=16, \mathrm{x}_{12}=3, \mathrm{x}_{22}=15, \mathrm{x}_{23}=22, \mathrm{x}_{33}=9, \mathrm{x}_{34}=25 . \\
& \text { Total transportation cost }=(16 \times 5)+(3 \times 3)+(15 \times 7)+(22 \times 9)+(9 \times 7)+(25 \times 5) \\
& =80+9+105+198+63+125 \\
& =580
\end{aligned}
$
Thus the minimum cost is Rs. 580 using the north west comer rule.
Question 6.
Determine an initial basic feasible solution of the following transportation problem by north-west corner method.

Solution:
Let B, N, Bh, D represent the destinations Bangalore, Nasik, Bhopal and Delhi respectively.
Let C, M, T represent the starting places Chennai, Madurai and Trichy respectively.
The given transportation table is

Total capacity $=$ Total Demand $=120$.
So the given problem is a balanced transportation problem. Hence there exists a feasible solution to the given problem.

First allocation:

Second allocation:

Third allocation:

Fourth allocation:

Fifth allocation:

Final allocation:

Transportation schedule:
Chennai to Bangalore, Madurai to Bangalore, Madurai to Nasik, Madurai to Bhopal, Trichy to Bhopal, Trichy to Delhi.
(i.e) $\mathrm{x}_{11}=30, \mathrm{x}_{21}=5, \mathrm{x}_{22}=28, \mathrm{x}_{23}=7, \mathrm{x}_{33}=25, \mathrm{x}_{34}=25$
The total transportation cost $=(30 \times 6)+(5 \times 5)+(28 \times 11)+(7 \times 9)+(25 \times 7)+(25 \times$ 13)
$=180+25+308+63+175+325$
$=1076$
Thus the minimum cost is Rs. 1076 by the north west comer method.
Question 7.
Obtain an initial basic feasible solution to the following transportation problem by using the least-cost method.

Solution:
Total supply $=25+35+40=100$
Total demand $=30+25+45=100$
Total supply $=$ Total demand
$\therefore$ The given problem is a balanced transportation problem. Hence there exists a feasible solution to the given problem. Let 'ai' denote the supply and 'bj' denote the demand. We allocate the units according to the least transportation cost of each cell.

First allocation:

The least-cost 4 corresponds to cell $\left(\mathrm{O}_2, \mathrm{D}_3\right)$. So first we allocate to this cell. Second allocation:

The least-cost 5 corresponds to cell $\left(\mathrm{O}_1, \mathrm{D}_3\right)$. So we have allocated min $(10,25)$ to this cell.
Third allocation:

The least-cost 6 corresponds to cell $\left(\mathrm{O}_3, \mathrm{D}_2\right)$. So we have allocated min $(25,40)$ to this cell.
Fourth allocation:

The least-cost 7 corresponds to cell $\left(\mathrm{O}_3, \mathrm{D}_1\right)$. So we have allocated $\min (30,15)$ to this cell.
Final allocation:
Although the next least cost is 8 , we cannot allocate to cells $\left(\mathrm{O}_1, \mathrm{D}_2\right)$ and $\left(\mathrm{O}_2, \mathrm{D}_2\right)$ because we have exhausted the demand 25 for this column. So we allocate 15 to cell $\left(\mathrm{O}_1, \mathrm{D}_1\right)$

Transportation schedule: $\mathrm{O}_1 \rightarrow \mathrm{D}_1, \mathrm{O}_1 \rightarrow \mathrm{D}_3, \mathrm{O}_2 \rightarrow \mathrm{D}_3, \mathrm{O}_3 \rightarrow \mathrm{D}_1, \mathrm{O}_3 \rightarrow \mathrm{D}_2$ (i.e) $\mathrm{x}_{11}=15, \mathrm{x}_{13}=10, \mathrm{x}_{23}=35, \mathrm{x}_{31}=15, \mathrm{x}_{32}=25$
Total cost is $=(15 \times 9)+(10 \times 5)+(35 \times 4)+(15 \times 7)+(25 \times 6)$ $=135+50+140+105+150$ $=580$
Thus by least cost method (LCM) the cost is Rs. 580 .

Question 8.
Explain Vogel's approximation method by obtaining an initial feasible solution of the following transportation problem

Solution:
Let ' $\mathrm{a}_{\mathrm{i}}$ ' denote the supply and ' $\mathrm{b}_{\mathrm{j}}$ ' denote the demand $\Sigma \mathrm{a}_{\mathrm{i}}=6+1+10=17$ and $\Sigma \mathrm{b}_{\mathrm{j}}=7$ $+5+3+2=17$
$\Sigma \mathrm{a}_{\mathrm{i}}=\Sigma \mathrm{b}_{\mathrm{j}}$ (i.e) Total supply $=$ Total demand. the given problem is a balanced transportation problem. Hence there exists a feasible solution to the given problem.
First, we find the difference (penalty) between the first two smallest costs in each row and column and write them in brackets against the respective rows and columns.
First allocation:

The largest difference is 6 corresponding to column $\mathrm{D}_4$. In this column least cost is $\left(\mathrm{O}_2\right.$,
$\left.\mathrm{D}_4\right)$. Allocate $\min (2,1)$ to this cell.
Second allocation:

The largest difference is 5 in column $\mathrm{D}_2$. Here the least cost is $\left(\mathrm{O}_1, \mathrm{D}_2\right)$. So allocate min $(5,6)$ to this cell.
Third allocation:

The largest penalty is 5 in row $\mathrm{O}_1$. The least cost is in $\left(\mathrm{O}_1, \mathrm{D}_1\right)$. So allocate $\min (7,1)$ here.
Fourth allocation:

Fifth allocation:

We allocate $\min (1,4)$ to $\left(\mathrm{O}_3, \mathrm{D}_4\right)$ cell since it has the least cost. Finally the balance we allot to cell $\left(\mathrm{O}_3, \mathrm{D}_3\right)$.
Thus we have the following allocations:

Transportation schedule:
$
\begin{aligned}
& \mathrm{O}_1 \rightarrow \mathrm{D}_1, \mathrm{O}_1 \rightarrow \mathrm{D}_2, \mathrm{O}_2 \rightarrow \mathrm{D}_4, \mathrm{O}_3 \rightarrow \mathrm{D}_1, \mathrm{O}_3 \rightarrow \mathrm{D}_3, \mathrm{O}_3 \rightarrow \mathrm{D}_4 \\
& \text { (i.e) } \mathrm{x}_{11}=12, \mathrm{x}_{12}=5, \mathrm{x}_{24}=1, \mathrm{x}_{31}=6, \mathrm{x}_{33}=3, \mathrm{x}_{34}=1 \\
& \text { Total cost }=(1 \times 2)+(5 \times 3)+(1 \times 1)+(6 \times 5)+(3 \times 15)+(1 \times 9) \\
& =2+15+1+30+45+9
\end{aligned}
$

$
=102
$
Question 9.
Consider the following transportation problem.

Determine initial basic feasible solution by VAM
Solution:
Let ' $\mathrm{a}_{\mathrm{i}}$ ' denote the availability and ' $\mathrm{b}_{\mathrm{j}}$ ' denote the requirement
$\Sigma \mathrm{ai}=30+50+20=100$ and $\Sigma \mathrm{bj}=30+40+20+10=100$
$\Sigma \mathrm{a}_{\mathrm{i}}=\Sigma \mathrm{b}_{\mathrm{j}}$ So the given problem is a balanced transportation problem. Hence there exists a feasible solution to the given problem.
For VAM, we first find the penalties for rows and columns. We allocate units to the maximum penalty column (or) row with the least cost.
First allocation:

Largest penalty $=3$. allocate $\min (40,20)$ to $\left(\mathrm{O}_3, \mathrm{D}_2\right)$
Second allocation:

Largest penalty $=4$. Allocate $\min (20,30)$ to $\left(\mathrm{O}_1, \mathrm{D}_3\right)$

Third allocation:

The largest penalty is 3 . Allocate $\min (20,50)$ to $\left(\mathrm{O}_2, \mathrm{D}_2\right)$

Fourth allocation:

The largest penalty is 2 , Allocate min $(10,30)$ to $\left(\mathrm{O}_2, \mathrm{D}_4\right)$

Fifth allocation:

The largest penalty is 1 . Allocate $\min (30,20)$ to $\left(\mathrm{O}_2, \mathrm{D}_1\right)$
Balance 10 units we allot to $\left(\mathrm{O}_1, \mathrm{D}_1\right)$.
Thus we have the following allocations:

Transportation schedule:
$
\begin{aligned}
& \mathrm{O}_1 \rightarrow \mathrm{D}_1, \mathrm{O}_1 \rightarrow \mathrm{D}_3, \mathrm{O}_2 \rightarrow \mathrm{D}_1, \mathrm{O}_2 \rightarrow \mathrm{D}_2, \mathrm{O}_2 \rightarrow \mathrm{D}_4, \mathrm{O}_3 \rightarrow \mathrm{P}_2 \\
& \text { (i.e) } \mathrm{x}_{11}=10, \mathrm{x}_{13}=20, \mathrm{x}_{21}=20, \mathrm{x}_{22}=20, \mathrm{x}_{24}=10, \mathrm{x}_{32}=20 \\
& \text { Total cost }=(10 \times 5)+(20 \times 3)+(20 \times 4)+(20 \times 5)+(10 \times 4)+(20 \times 2) \\
& =50+60+80+100+40+40 \\
& =370
\end{aligned}
$
Thus the least cost by YAM is Rs. 370 .
Question 10.
Determine the basic feasible solution to the following transportation problem using North West Corner rule.

Solution:
For the given problem, total supply is $4+8+9=21$ and total demand is $3+3+4+5+$ $6=21$
Since the total supply equals total demand, it is a balanced problem and we can find a feasible solution by North West Comer rule.
First allocation:

Second allocation:

Third allocation:

Fourth allocation:

Fifth allocation:

Final allocation:

First, we allow 3 units to (R, D) cell. Then balance 6 to (R, E) cell.
Thus we have the following allocations:

Transportation schedule:
$
\begin{aligned}
& \mathrm{P} \rightarrow \mathrm{A}, \mathrm{P} \rightarrow \mathrm{B}, \mathrm{Q} \rightarrow \mathrm{B}, \mathrm{Q} \rightarrow \mathrm{C}, \mathrm{Q} \rightarrow \mathrm{D}, \mathrm{R} \rightarrow \mathrm{D}, \mathrm{R} \rightarrow \mathrm{E} \\
& \text { (i.e) } \mathrm{x}_{11}=3, \mathrm{x}_{12}=1, \mathrm{x}_{22}=2, \mathrm{x}_{23}=4, \mathrm{x}_{24}=2, \mathrm{x}_{34}=3, \mathrm{x}_{35}=6 \\
& \text { Total cost }=(3 \times 2)+(1 \times 11)+(2 \times 4)+(4 \times 7)+(2 \times 2)+(3 \times 8)+(6 \times 12) \\
& =6+11+8+28+4+24+72 \\
& =153
\end{aligned}
$
Thus the minimum cost of the transportation problem by Northwest Comer rule is Rs. 153.
Question 11.
Find the initial basic feasible solution of the following transportation problem:

Using (i) North West Corner rule
(ii) Least Cost method
(iii) Vogel's approximation method
Solution:
Total demand $\left(\mathrm{a}_{\mathrm{i}}\right)=7+12+11=30$ and total supply $\left(\mathrm{b}_{\mathrm{j}}\right)=10+10+10=30$.
$\Sigma \mathrm{a}_{\mathrm{i}}=\Sigma \mathrm{b}_{\mathrm{j}} \Rightarrow$ the problem is a balanced transportation problem and we can find a basic feasible solution.
(i) North West Comer rule (NWC)
First allocation:

Second allocation:

Third allocation:

Fourth allocation:

We first allot 1 unit to (C, II) cell and then the balance 10 units to (C, III) cell. Thus we have the following allocations:

Transportation schedule:
$
\begin{aligned}
& \mathrm{A} \rightarrow \mathrm{I}, \mathrm{B} \rightarrow \mathrm{I}, \mathrm{B} \rightarrow \mathrm{II}, \mathrm{C} \rightarrow \mathrm{II}, \mathrm{C} \rightarrow \mathrm{III} \\
& \text { (i.e) } \mathrm{x}_{11}=7, \mathrm{x}_{21}=3, \mathrm{x}_{22}=9, \mathrm{x}_{32}=1, \mathrm{x}_{33}=10 \\
& \text { Total cost }=(7 \times 1)+(3 \times 0)+(9 \times 4)+(1 \times 1)+(10 \times 5) \\
& =7+0+36+1+50 \\
& =\text { Rs. } 94
\end{aligned}
$
(ii) Least Cost method
First allocation:

Second allocation

Third allocation:

Fourth allocation:

We first allot 1 unit to cell (C, III) and the balance 7 units to cell (A, III). Thus we have the following allocations:

Transportation schedule:
$
\begin{aligned}
& \text { A } \rightarrow \text { III, B } \rightarrow \text { I, B } \rightarrow \text { III, C } \rightarrow \text { II, C } \rightarrow \text { III } \\
& \text { (i.e) } \mathrm{x}_{13}=7, \mathrm{x}_{21}=10, \mathrm{x}_{23}=2, \mathrm{x}_{32}=10, \mathrm{x}_{33}=1 \\
& \text { Total cost }=(7 \times 6)+(10 \times 0)+(2 \times 2)+(10 \times 1)+(1 \times 5) \\
& =42+0+4+10+5 \\
& =\text { Rs. } 61
\end{aligned}
$
(iii) Vogel's approximation method (VAM)
First allocation:

Largest penalty $=3$. Allocate $\min (10,12)$ to $(\mathrm{B}, \mathrm{III})$
Second allocation:

Largest penalty $=4$. Allocate $\min (10,2)$ to cell $(\mathrm{B}, \mathrm{I})$
Third allocation:

The largest penalty is 2 . We can choose I column or $\mathrm{C}$ row. Allocate $\min (8,7)$ to cell (A, I)
Fourth allocation:

First, we allocate 10 units to cell $(\mathrm{C}$, II). Then balance 1 unit we allot to cell $(\mathrm{C}, \mathrm{I})$ Thus we have the following allocations:

TYansportation schedule:
$
\begin{aligned}
& \mathrm{A} \rightarrow \mathrm{I}, \mathrm{B} \rightarrow \mathrm{I}, \mathrm{B} \rightarrow \mathrm{III}, \mathrm{C} \rightarrow \mathrm{I}, \mathrm{C} \rightarrow \mathrm{II} \\
& \text { (i.e) } \mathrm{x}_{11}=7, \mathrm{x}_{21}=2, \mathrm{x}_{23}=10, \mathrm{x}_{31}=1, \mathrm{x}_{32}=10 \\
& \text { Total cost }=(7 \times 1)+(2 \times 0)+(10 \times 2)+(1 \times 3)+(10 \times 1) \\
& =7+0+20+3+10 \\
& =\text { Rs. } 40
\end{aligned}
$
Question 12.
Obtain an initial basic feasible solution to the following transportation problem by north-west corner method.

Solution:
Total availability is $250+300+400=950$
Total requirement is $200+225+275+250=950$
Since $\Sigma \mathrm{a}_{\mathrm{i}}=\Sigma \mathrm{b}_{\mathrm{j}}$ the problem is a balanced transportation problem and we can find an initial basic feasible solution.
First Allocation:

Second allocation:

Third allocation:

Fourth allocation:

Fifth allocation:

We first allocate 150 units to cell (C, F). Then we allocate balance of 250 units to cell $(\mathrm{C}, \mathrm{G})$
Thus we have the following allocation.

Transportation schedule:
$
\begin{aligned}
& \mathrm{A} \rightarrow \mathrm{D}, \mathrm{A} \rightarrow \mathrm{E}, \mathrm{B} \rightarrow \mathrm{E}, \mathrm{B} \rightarrow \mathrm{F}, \mathrm{C} \rightarrow \mathrm{F}, \mathrm{C} \rightarrow \mathrm{G} \\
& \left(\text { i.e) } \mathrm{x}_{11}=200, \mathrm{x}_{12}=50, \mathrm{x}_{22}=175, \mathrm{x}_{23}=125, \mathrm{x}_{33}=150, \mathrm{x}_{34}=250\right. \\
& \text { Total cost }=(200 \times 11)+(50 \times 13)+(175 \times 18)+(125 \times 14)+(150 \times 13)+(250 \times 10) \\
& =2200+650+3150+1750+1950+2500 \\
& =\text { Rs. } 12,200
\end{aligned}
$

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