Text Book Back Questions and Answers - Chapter 1 The Living World 11th Zoology Guide Samacheer Kalvi Solutions - SaraNextGen [2024-2025]

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Chapter 1 - The Living World - 11th Zoology Guide Samacheer Kalvi Solutions - Text Book Back Questions and Answers

Multiple Choice Question and Answers
Choose the correct answer
Question 1.
A living organism is differentiated from non-living structure based on
(a) Reproduction
(b) Growth
(c) Metabolism
(d) $\mathrm{AH}$ the above

Answer:
(c) Metabolism

Question 2.
A group of organisms having similar traits of a rank is
(a) Species
(b) Taxon
(c) Genus
(d) Family

Answer:
(a) Species

Question 3.
Every unit of classification regardless of its rank is
(a) Taxon
(b) Variety
(c) Species
(d) Strain

Answer:
(a) Taxon

Question 4.
Which of the following is not present in same rank?

(a) Primata
(b) Orthoptera
(c) Diptera
(d) Insecta

Answer:
(a) Primata

Question 5.
What taxonomie aid gives comprehensive information about a taxon?
(a) Taxonomic Key
(b) Herbarium
(c) Flora
(d) Monograph

Answer:
(a) Taxonomic Key

Question 6.
Who coined the term biodiversity?
(a) Walter Rosen
(b) AG Tansley
(c) Aristotle
(d) AP de Candole

Answer:
(a) Walter Rosen

Question 7.
Cladogram considers the following characters -
(a) Physiological and Biochemical
(b) Evolutionary and Phylogenetic
(c) Taxonomie and systematic
(d) None of the above

Answer:
(b) Evolutionary and Phylogenetic

Question 8.
Molecular taxonomic tool consists of -

(a) DNA and RNA
(b) Mitochondria and Endoplasmic reticulum
(c) Cell wall and Membrane proteins
(d) All the above

Answer:
(a) DNA and RNA

Question 9.
Differentiate between probiotic and pathogenic bacteria.

Question 10.
Why mule is sterile in nature?
Answer:
Mule gets one set of chromosomes (32) from male parent, horse and one set of chromosomes (31) from female parent, donkey. These two sets of chromosomes do not match with each other and cannot produce gametes by meiosis. Hence mule is sterile in nature.

Question 11.
List any five salient features of the family Felidae.
Answer:
- The species in the Felidae family are carnivores or omnivores.
- Felids are generally solitary with a few exceptions.
- They have sharp vision, hearing and a strong sense of smell.
- They have short faces and their paws have toes in the 5 forefeet and 4 toes in the hind feet.
- Most Felids live in the wild e.g. cat, tiger, lion, cheetah.
- Question 12.
What is the role of Charles Darwin in relation to concept of species?
Answer:
Charles Darwin's book on Origin of Species explains the evolutionary connections of species by the process of natural selection.

Question 13.
Why elephants and other wild animals are entering into human living area?
Answer:

Elephants and other wild animals enter into human living area because of the loss of their habitat, deforestation, mono-culture vegetation by destroying forests

Question 14.
What is the difference between a Zoo and wild life sanctuary?
Answer:

Question 15.
Can we use recent molecular tools to identify and classify organisms?
Answer:
The recent molecular taxonomical tools can be used to identify and classify the organism. The following molecular techniques and approaches are used in molecular tools.
(a) DNA bar coding - Short genetic marker in an organism's DNA to identify whether it belongs to a particular species.
(b) DNA hybridization - Measures the degree of genetic similarity between pools of DNA sequences.
(c) DNA finger printing - to identify an individual from a sample of DNA by looking at unique patterns in their DNA.
(d) Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP) Analysis- difference in homologous DNA sequences can be detected by the presence of fragments of different lengths after digestion of DNA samples.
(e) Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) sequencing-to amplify a specific gene, or portion of gene.

Question 16.
Explain the role of Latin and Greek names in Biology.
Answer:
Aristotle (384 to $322 \mathrm{BC}$ ) was the first to classify all animals in his Historia

Animalium in Latin. He classified the living organisms into plants and animals. Animals were classified as walking (terrestrial), flying (birds), and swimming (aquatic) based in their locomotion.

He classified the animals with red blood cells as Enaima and those without red blood cells as Anaima. Though his method of classification had limitation, his contribution to biology was remarkable. Theophrastus did his research on the classification of plants. He was known as the Father of Botany.

In-Text Questions Solved
Question 1.
If you find an animal with four legs, with two eyes, paired ear pinna, covered with fur, possessing mammary gland, which class will you position it? How will you give a binomial name, if you are the first person to discover and report that animal.

Answer:
Do it yourself.
Question 2.
What may be the reasons for the extinction of Dinosaurs? If you know the reasons for their extinction, why Sparrows are listed as endangered species?
Answer:
The extinction of the dinosaurs is an enigma that has captivated scientists for well over a century. We find the fossilized remains of giant reptiles all over the earth.

Yet we do not see any of the creatures alive today. If sparrows are not there the population of birds of prey may also be affected. Apart from this, every constitute of an ecosystem is important from an ant to an elephant. We are eliminating species by species which are important links which make the web of life. Today it's these species which are getting extinct.

Textbook Activity Solved
The main objective of this activity is to check the students understanding about animals and its characteristics before learning the lesson. Observe the picture given below, identify the animals and classify them according to you own understanding write one character about each class of animals.

Take the students to the school ground and ask them to observe and identify few invertebrates (insects, earthworm, spiders etc). Ask the students to write
few characteristics of each animal which they have observed.

Choose the correct answer:
Question 1.

The smallest taxon among the following is 
(a) class
(b) order
(c) species
(d) genus

Answer:
(c) species

Question 2.
Taxonomically a species is
(a) A group of evolutionary related population
(b) A fundamental unit in the phylogeny of organisms
(c) Classical evolutionary taxonomy
(d) A community taken into consideration. An evolutionary base.

Answer:
(b) A fundamental unit in the phylogeny of organisms

Question 3.
Species is
(a) not related to evolution
(b) specific class of evolution
(c) specific unit of evolution
(d) fertile specific unit in the evolutionary history of a race

Answer:

(d) fertile specific unit in the evolutionary history of a race

Question 4.
Two words comprising the binomial nomenclature are
(a) Family \& genus
(b) order \& family
(c) genus \& species
(d) species \& variety

Answer:
(c) genus \& species

Question 5.
A group of plants or animals with similar traits of any rank is kept under 
(a) species
(b) genus
(c) order
(d) taxon

Answer:
(d) taxon

Question 6.
Which of the following is the correct sequence in the increasing order of complexity?
(a) molecules, tissues, community, population
(b) cell, tissues, community, population

(c) tissues, organisms, population, community
(d) molecules, tissues, community, cells

Answer:
(c) tissues, organisms, population, community

Question 7.
New systematic and the concept of life was given by 
(a) Huxley
(b) Odom
(c) Elton
(d) Linnaeus

Answer:
(c) Elton

Question 8.
Two organisms of same class but different families will be kept under the same 
(a) genera
(b) species
(c) order
(d) family

Answer:
(c) order

Question 9.
Which of the following will form a new species? 
(a) inter breeding

(b) variations
(c) differential reproduction
(d) none of the above

Answer:
(b) variations

Question 10.
A community includes 
(a) a group of same genera
(b) a group of same population
(c) a group of individuals from same species
(d) different populations interacting with each other

Answer:
(d) different populations interacting with each other

Question 11.
Binomial nomenclature was given by ..
(a) Huxley
(b) Ray
(c) Darwin
(d) Linnaeus

Answer:
(d) Linnaeus

Question 12.
In classification the category below the level of family is
(a) class
(b) species
(c) phylum
(d) genus

Answer:
(d) genus

Question 13.
Taxon is 
(a) species
(b) unit of classification
(c) highest rank in classification
(d) group of closely related

Answer:
(b) unit of classification

Question 14.
One of the following includes most closely linked organisms
(a) species
(b) genus
(c) family
(d) class

Answer:
(a) species

Question 15.
Which of the following taxons cover a greater number of organisms?
(a) order
(b) family
(c) genus
(d) phylum

Answer:
(d) phylum

Question 16.
Inbreeding is possible between two members of
(a) order
(b) family

(c) genus
(d) species

Answer:
(d) species

Question 17.
Which of these is correct order of hierarchy? 
(a) kingdom, division, phylum, genus \& species
(b) phylum, division, genus \& class
(c) kingdom, genus, class, phylum \& division
(d) phylum, kingdom, genus, species \&class

Answer:
(a) kingdom, division, phylum, genus \& species

Question 18.
Which is not a unit of taxonomic category?
(a) series
(b) glumaceae
(c) class
(d) phylum

Answer:
(b) glum aceae

Question 19.
Which is the first step of taxonomy?
(a) nomenclature
(b) classification
(c) identification
(d) hierarchical arrangement

Answer:
(c) identification

Question 20.
The five kingdom classification was given by
(a) Whittaker
(b) Linnacus

(c) Copeland
(d) Haeckel

Answer:
(a) Whittaker

Question 21.
Taxon includes 
(a) Genus and species
(b) kingdom and division
(c) all ranks of hierarchy
(d) none of the above

Answer:
(c) all ranks of hierarchy

Question 22.
Binomial nomenclature refers to 
(a) Two names of a species
(b) one specific and one local name of a species
(c) two words for the name of a species
(d) two life cycles of a organism

Answer:
(c) two words for the name of a species

Question 23.
Carl Linnaeus is famous for
(a) coining the term 'systematics'
(b) introducing binomial nomenclature
(c) giving all natural system of classification
(d) all of these

Answer:
(b) introducing binomial nomenclature

Question 24.
True species are
(a) interbreeding
(b) sharing the same niche

(c) feeding on the same food
(d) reproductively isolated

Answer:
(d) reproductively isolated

Question 25.
The smallest unit of classification is
(a) species
(b) sub - species
(c) class
(d) genus

Answer:
(a) species

Question 26.
Who coined the term 'taxonomy'?
(a) Candolle
(b) Waksman
(c) Leuwenhoek
(d) Louis Pasteur

Answer:
(a) Candolle

Question 27.
Basic unit of classification of organisms is 
(a) species
(b) population
(c) class
(d) family

Answer:
(a) species

Question 28.
The unit of classification containing concrete biological entities is
(a) taxon

(b) species
(c) category
(d) order

Answer:
(a) taxon

Question 29.
Species are considered as
(a) real basic units of classification
(b) the lowest units of classification
(c) artificial concept of human mind which cannot be defined in absolute terms
(d) real units of classification devised by taxonomists

Answer:
(a) real basic units of classification

Question 30.
The living organisms can be unexceptionally distinguished from the non-living things on the basis of their ability for
(a) interaction with the environment and progressive evolution
(b) reproduction
(c) growth and movement
(d) responsiveness to touch

Answer:
(b) reproduction

Question 31.
Taxonomic category arrange in descending order 
(a) key
(b) hierarchy
(c) taxon
(d) taxonomic category

Answer:
(d) taxonomic category

Question 32.
In which of the animal dimorphic nucleus is found? 
(a) Amoebaproteus
(b) Trypanosoma gambiense
(c) Plasmodium vivax
(d) Paramecium caudatum

Answer:
(d) Paramecium caudatum

Question 33.
When a fresh-water protozoan possessing a contractile vacuole, is placed in a glass containing marine water, the vacuole will 
(a) increase in number
(b) disappear
(c) increase in size
(d) decrease in size

Answer:
(d) decrease in size

Question 34.
Which form of reproduction is correctly matched? 
(a) Euglena transvers binary fission
(b) Paramecium longitudinal binary fission
(c) Amoeba multiple fission
(d) Plasmodium binary fission

Answer:
(c) Amoeba multiple fission

Question 35.
The presence of two types of nuclei, a macronucleus and a micronucleus, is characteristic of protozoans are grouped under the class
(a) sporozoa
(b) flagellate
(c) sarcodina
(d) ciliata

Answer:
(d) ciliata

Question 36.
Which class of protozoa is totally parasitic?
(a) Sporozoa
(b) Mastigophora
(c) Ciliate
(d) Sarcodina

Answer:
(a) Sporozoa

Question 37.
Reproduction in Paramecium is controlled by 
(a) flagella
(b) cell wall
(c) micronucleus
(d) macronucleus

Answer:
(c) micronucleus

Question 38.
In the life cycle of Plasmodium exflagellation occurs in 
(a) sporozoties
(b) microgametes
(c) macrogametes
(d) signet ring

Answer:
(b) microgametes

Question 39.
Excretion in Amoeba occurs through
(a) lobopodia
(b) plasma membrane
(c) uroid portion
(d) contractile vacuole

Answer:
(d) contractile vacuole

Question 40.
Method of dispersal in Amoeba is
(a) locomotion
(b) encystment
(c) sporulation
(d) binary fission

Answer:
(b) encystment

Question 41.
Mode of feeding in free living protozoans is 
(a) holozoic
(b) saprozoic
(c) both (a) and (b)
(d) none of these

Answer:
(c) both (a) and (b)

Question 42.
Infection of Entamoeba is caused
(a) by kissing
(b) by wearing clothes of patient
(c) by contaminated food
(d) none of these

Answer:
(c) by contaminated food

Question 43.
Choose the correct statement.
(a) All reptiles have a three chambered heart.
(b) All Pisces have gills covered by a operculum
(c) All mammals are viviparous
(d) All cyclostomes do not posses jaws and paired fin

Answer:
(d) All cyclostomes do not posses jaws and paired fin

Question 44.
Which of the following characteristics is mainly responsible for diversification of insects on land?
(a) Segmentation
(b) Bilateral symmetry
(c) Exoskeleton
(d) Eyes

Answer:
(c) Exoskeleton

Question 45.
The primitive prokaryotes responsible for the production of biogas from the ruminant animals. Include the 
(a) Thermoacidophiles
(b) methanogens
(c) Eubacteria
(d) Halophiles.

Answer:
(b) methanogens

Question 46.
Methanogens belong to 
(a) Dinoflagellates
(b) Slime moulds
(c) Eubacteria
(d) Archaebacteria

Answer:
(d) Archaebacteria

Additional Questions Solved
Multiple Choice Questions
Choose the correct answer:

Question 1.
Which of the following is not correct with regard to ecosystem?
(a) It includes living and non-living things.
(b) It shows interrelationship among living things.
(c) It shows interrelationship among living and non-living things.
(d) It has a large number of species.

Answer:
(b) It shows interrelationship among living things.

Question 2.
Who was known as the father of Botany?
(a) Aristotle
(b) Carolus Linnaeus
(c) John Ray
(d) Theophrastus

Answer:
(d) Theophrastus

Question 3.
Who developed the scientific system of Taxonomy and Binomial nomenclature?
(a) R.H. Whittaker
(b) Carolus Linnaeus
(c) John Ray
(d) Charles Darwin

Answer:
(b) Carolus Linnaeus

Question 4.
The system of classification of organisms based on evolutionary and genetic relationship among organisms is called as -
(a) Natural system of classification
(b) Phylogenetic system of classification
(c) Binomial classification
(d) Trinomial classification

Answer:
(b) Phylogenetic system of classification

Question 5.
The bacteria which live in salty environment are called -
(a) Theromoacidophiles
(b) Methanogens
(c) Halophiles
(d) Pathogens

Answer:
(c) Halophiles

Question 6.
Which of the following is the characteristics of the domain Bacteria?
(a) They are eukaryotic organisms
(b) They have true nucleus and membrane bound organelles
(c) The ribosomes are of $80 \mathrm{~s}$ type in the cytoplasm
(d) They have membrane bound $70 \mathrm{~s}$ type ribosomes.

Answer:
(d) They have membrane bound $70 \mathrm{~s}$ type ribosomes.

Question 7.
Which of the following is not correct with regard to species?
(a) They have similar morphological features
(b) They are reproductively isolated
(c) They produce viable young ones
(d) They have similar anatomical features

Answer:
(b) They are reproductively isolated

Question 8.
The cross between male lion and female tiger results in the production of -
(a) Mule
(b) Tigon
(c) Liger
(d) Hinny

Answer:
(c) Liger

Question 9.
The related families constitute -
(a) Clans
(b) Phylum
(c) Genus
(d) Order

Answer:
(d) Order

Question 10.
Which of the following is not related to scientific names of organisms?
(a) There is only one name for a species.
(b) They are universally accepted.
(c) They are named based on the guidelines of the ICZN.
(d) They are not unique to an organism.

Answer:
(d) They are not unique to an organism.

Question 11.
Naja naja is the zoological name of -
(a) Indian house crow
(b) Indian cobra
(c) Emerald dove
(d) Indian pea fowl

Answer:
(b) Indian cobra

Question 12.
Origin of species is the book written by -
(a) John Ray
(b) Charles Darwin
(c) Linnaeus
(d) Aristotle

Answer:
(b) Charles Darwin

Question 13.
Taxonomical keys are useful to study -
(a) Similarities and dissimilarities of animals
(b) Preserved plants and animals
(c) Animals kept in protected environments
(d) Plant taxonomy

Answer:
(a) Similarities and dissimilarities of animals

Question 14.
DNA hybridization is helpful to -
(a) Identify an individual from a sample of DNA
(b) Detect difference in homologous DNA sequences
(c) Measure the degree of genetic similarity between pools of DNA sequences
(d) Amplify a specific gene

Answer:
(c) Measure the degree of genetic similarity between pools of DNA sequences

Question 15.
DAISY, the cyber tool is -
(a) Digital automated identification system
(b) Digital automated information system
(c) Direct automated identification system
(d) Digital automated identification science

Answer:
(a) Digital automated identification system

Question 16.
INOTAXA is an e-Taxonomic resource useful for -
(a) Studying electron microscopic images to study molecular structures of cell organelles.
(b) Digital images and description about the species.
(c) Studying behaviour of organisms

(d) Identifying digital resources of animals.

Answer:
(b) Digital images and description about the species.
II. Give Reasons

Question 1.
Classification of organisms is necessary.
Answer:
Classification of organisms is necessary to recognise, identify them and differentiate closely related species.

Question 2.
Extremophiles inhabiting volcanic vents prepare food.
Answer:
Extremophiles inhabiting volcanic vents prepare food without sunlight and oxygen by utilizing hydrogen peroxide and other chemicals through chemosynthesis.

Question 3.
The mating between difference species produces sterile off springs.
Answer:
The maternal and paternal chromosomes of the off springs produced by the mating between different species are not identical and hence gametes are not produced by meiotic division.

Question 4.
Nomenclature of organisms is necessary.
Answer:
The unique nomenclature for each organisms is necessary as it is uniform in all countries and in all languages. A scientific name refers to only one organism.

Question 5.
Why are molecular tools used now to study taxonomy?
Answer:
Molecular tools are accurate and authentic. Hence they are used to study taxonomy.

III. Match the following

Question 1.

Answer:
1. (d) A.G. Tansley
2. (c) AP de Candolle
3. (a) Walter Rosen
4. (e) John Ray
5. (b) Carolus Linnaeus

Question 2.

Answer:
1. (d) Extreme conditions
2. (a) Beneficial
3. (e) disease causing
4. (c) membrane bound organelles
5. (b) $70 \mathrm{~s}$ type of ribosomes

Question 3.

Answer:
1. (d) Jungle cat
2. (e) Emerald dove
3. (a) Pea fowl
4. (b) Red Panda
5. (c) Tiger

Question 4.

Answer:
1. (d) Aristotle
2. (c) John Ray
3. (a) Charles Darwin
4. (e) Carl Woese
5. (b) R.H. Whittaker

Question 5.

Answer:
1. (d) Preserved plants and animals
2. (b) Similarities and dissimilarities of organisms.
3. (e) Plant Taxonomy
4. (c) Difference in homologous DNA sequence
5. (a) Analysis of DNA

Short Answer Questions

Question 1.
Define ecosystem.
Answer:
Ecosystem is defined as a community of living organisms (plants and animals), non-living things (minerals, climate, soil, sunlight and water) and their interrelationships, e.g. Forest and grassland.

Question 2.
What is biodiversity?
Answer:
The presence of a large number of species in a particular ecosystem is called biodiversity.

Question 3.
Distinguish between living and non-living things.
Answer:

Question 4.
What is the need for classification?
Answer:
The basic need for classification are:
- To identify and differentiate closely related species.
- To know the variation among the species.
- To understand the evolution of the species.
- To create a phylogenetic tree among the different groups.
- To conveniently study living organisms.

Question 5.
Define Taxonomy.
Answer:
It is the branch of science of identifying, describing, naming and classifying organisms.

Question 6.
What are the features of systematics?
Answer:
- Identifying, describing, naming, arranging, preserving and documenting the organisms.
- Investigating evolutionary history of the species, their adaptations to the environment and the interrelationship among species.

Question 7.
How did Aristotle classify organisms?
Answer:
Aristotle classified living organisms into plants and animals. Animals were classified into walking (terrestrial), flying (birds) and swimming (aquatic) based on their locomotion. Based on the presence or absence of red blood animals were classified into Enaima and Anaima. 

Question 8.
What are the limitations of Aristotle's classification?
Answer:
Many organisms were not fitting into his classification. Frogs have lungs and they are amphibians while their larva, tadpole is aquatic and respires through gills. It is difficult to classify frogs according to his method. All flying organisms such as birds, bats, flying insects were grouped together. Ostrich, emu and penguin are flightless birds and hence they cannot be classified by his method.

Question 9.
What is natural system of classification?
Answer:
Linnaeus considered a few characters of organisms for classifying them. Later many characters were considered for classifying organisms. Morphological, anatomical and embryological characters were considered.

Question 10.
What is numerical taxonomy?
Answer:
The evaluation of resemblances and differences of organisms through statistical methods followed by computer analysis to establish the numerical degree of relationship among them is known as numerical taxonomy.

Question 11.
What is phylogenetic classification or cladistics?
Answer:

The classification of organisms based on evolutionary and genetic relationship among them is known as phylogenetic classification.

Question 12.
What is cladogram?
Answer:
A tree diagram which represents the evolutionary relationship among organisms is known as cladogram.

Question 13.
What is cladistic classification?
Answer:
Cladistic classification is the method of classifying the organisms based on genetic differences among all species in a phylogenetic tree.

Question 14.
What is the significance of cladistic classification?
Answer:
Cladistic classification takes into account ancestral characters (traits commons for the entire group) and derived characters (traits whose structure and function differ from the ancestral characters). The accumulation of derived characters resulted in the formation of new subspecies.

Question 15.
Explain five kingdom classification of Whittaker.
Answer:
R.H. Whittaker (1969) proposed the Five kingdom classification. They included Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae and Animalia. He classified organisms based on cell structure, nutrition, reproduction and phylogenetic relationships. 

Kinds of kingdom: 

Question 16.
Describe three domain classification.
Answer:
Three domain classification was proposed by Carl Woese (1977) and his coworkers. They classified organisms based on the difference in 16s rRNA genes. This adds the taxon domain higher than the kingdom. In this system, prokaryotes are divided into two domains-bacteria and Arachaea.

All eukaryotes are placed under the domain Eukarya. Archae appears to have common features with Eukarya. Archaea differ from bacteria in cell wall composition and differ from bacteria and eukaryotes in membrane composition and RNA types.

Question 17.
Distinguish Archaea, Bacteria and Eukarya.
Answer:

Question 18.
Classify organisms on the basis of seven kingdom system.
Answer:

Question 19.
Define species.
Answer:
Species is a group of organisms that have similar morphological and physiological characters which can interbreed to produce fertile off springs.

Question 20.
Show the mating with closely related species.
Answer:
- Male Donkey - Female Horse - Mule
- Male Horse - Female donkey - Hinny
- Male lion - female tiger - Liger
- Male tiger - Female lion - Tiger

Question 21.
Distinguish between species and genus.
Answer:
Species:
- Species is a group of interbreeding population having similar characters.
- It is the basic unit of classification e.g. Felis domestica, genus species.

Genus:
- Genus is a group of related species.
- It is the second level in classification, e.g., Felis margarita genus species.

Question 22.
Distinguish between Family and Order.
Answer:
Family:
- Family is a group of related genera.
- It is the lower taxon e.g. felidae

Order:
- Order is a group of related families.
- It is the higher taxon e.g. Carnivora

Question 23.
Distinguish between Class and Phylum.

Answer:
Class:
1. The one or more related orders with some common characters is the class
2. It is the lower taxon e.g. Mammalia.

Phylum:
1. The related orders constitute the phylum.
2. It is the higher taxon, e.g. Chordata.

Question 24
What are the advantages of assigning nomenclature to organisms?
Answer:
Assigning nomenclature or scientific name to organisms have advantages.
- They are universally accepted.
- Each organism has unique nomenclature.
- It avoids confusion in naming the organisms.

Question 25.
What is binomial system of nomenclature?
Answer:
The system of naming the organism with two names, generic name and specific (species) name is known as binomial system of nomenclature, e.g. Pavo cristatus - Indian pea fowl.

Question 26.
What is trinomial system of nomenclature?
Answer:
The system of naming the organism with three names, generic name, specific name (species) and sub-species name is known as trinomial system of nomenclature, e.g. Corvus splendens -Indian house crow.

Question 27.
What are the rules to be followed in the nomenclature of organisms?

Answer:
The scientific name should be italicized in printed form and the generic name and specific name should be underlined separately if it is handwritten.
- The first alphabet of the generic name should be of uppercase.
- The specific name (species) should be in lower case letters.
- The name or abbreviated name of the scientist who first published the scientific name may be written after the specific (species) name along with the year of publication, e.g. Felis Leo Linn., 1958.
- If the specific (species) name is framed after any person's name, the name of the species shall end with i, ii or ae. e.g. Ground - dwelling lizard Cyrtodactylus varadgirii

Question 28.
What are the taxonomical tools used for the study of plants and animals?
Answer:
Herbarium and Botanical garden may be used as tools for the plant taxonomy. Museum, Taxonomical keys and Zoological parks are classical tools for animal studies. Field visits, survey, identification, classification, preservation and documentation are the important components of taxonomical tools.

Question 29.
Explain the classical taxonomical tools.
Answer:
Taxonomical tools are the tools for the study of classification of organisms. They include- Taxonomical keys: Keys are based on comparative analysis of the similarities and dissimilarities of organisms. There are separate keys for different taxonomic categories. Museum: Biological Museums have collection of preserved plants and animals for study and ready reference. Specimens of both extinct and living organisms can be studied.

Zoological parks:
These are places where wild animals are kept in protected environments under human care. It enables us to study their food habits and behavior.

Marine parks:

- Marine organisms are maintained in protected environments.
- Printed taxonomical tools: It consist of identification cards, description, field guides and manuals.

Question 30.
Name some Automated species identification tools or cybertools.
Answer:
ALIS : Automated Leafhopper Identification System.
DAISY : Digital Automated Identification System.
ABIS : Automatic Bee Identification System.
SPIDA : Species Identified Automatically (spiders, wasp, bee wing characters).
Draw wing : Honey bee wing identification.
Question 31.
What are neo - taxonomical tools?
Answer:
The new taxonomical tools which are based on electron microscopic images to study the molecular structure of cell organelles are neo-taxonomical tools.

Question 32.
What is INOTAXA?
Answer:
INOTAXA is an electronic resource for digital images and description about species. It was developed by Natural History Museum, London. INOTAXA means Integrated Open Taxonomic Access.

Question 33.
Scientists and their contribution for taxonomy.
Answer:
1. Ecosystem - A.G. Tansley, 1935
2. Biodiversity - Walter Rosen, 1985
3. Taxonomy - AP de Candolle
4. Father of Taxonomy (classical) - Aristotle
5. Father of modem taxonomy, Founder of modem systematics - Carolus Linnaeus
6. Aristotle-Historia Animalium

7. Theophrastus - Father of Botany
8. Species - John Ray (1627 - 1708)
9. Five kingdom classification - R.H. Whittaker (1969)
10.Three domain classification - Carl Woese (1977)
11.Seven kingdom classification - Cavalier- Smith (1987)
12.Binomial nomenclature - Carolus Linnaeus
13.John Ray - Methodus Plantarum Nova and Historia Generalis Plantarum
14.Trinomial nomenclature - Huxley and Stricklandt
15.Charles Darwin - Origin of species
16.Ernst Haeckal - Cladogram

Question 34.
Distinguish between Monotypic genus and polytypic genus
Answer:
Monotypic genus:
- If a genus has only one species, it is called a monotypic genus.
- e.g. Ailurus fulgens (red panda)

Polytypic genus:
- If a genus has more than one species, it is called polytypic genus.
- e.g. Felis domestica Felis margarita