(a) Write the function of the following in the human alimentary canal :
(i) Saliva (ii) HCl in stomach
(iii) Bile juice (iv) Villi
(b) Write one function each of the following enzymes:
(i) Pepsin (ii) Lipase
Updated On 18th June 2025
Expert Explanation :
(a) (i) Saliva contains salivary amylase and is released in our mouth. It breaks down starch into sugar (complex carbohydrates into simpler ones).
(ii) Acid $(\mathrm{HCl})$ plays an important role in the process of digestion. These are:
- $\quad \mathrm{HCl}$ or hydrochloric acid creates an acidic medium inside stomach which is essential for the activation and action of the gastric enzyme pepsin.
- $\quad \mathrm{HCl}$ kills the harmful bacteria present in the food.
- $\quad$ Bile brings about the emulsification of fat (i.e. breaks fat molecules into small globules).
- $\quad$ Internally, the wall of the small intestine is provided with long finger-like projections called villi. Two functions of villi are:
- $\quad$ The villi greatly increase the absorptive surface area of the inner lining of small intestine.
- $\quad$ Villi are richly supplied with blood vessels which carry absorbed food to all cells of body, where it is utilised for obtaining energy.
(b) (i) Pepsin is a protein digesting enzyme present in gastric juice. Pepsin gets activated in acidic medium and splits proteins into peptones and peptides.
(ii) Lipase is secreted by pancreas and small intestine. Lipase converts fats into fatty acids and glycerol.
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