Breathing is a physical phenomenon where oxygen from the atmosphere is exchanged with the carbon dioxide produced by the cells. Various organisms have different mechanisms for breathing depending upon their needs and habitat. For example, lower invertebrates like sponges exchange gases by simple diffusion while earthworms use cuticles and insects have a network of tubes to transport atmospheric air within the body. Special vascularised structures called gills are used by aquatic arthropods and molluscs whereas vascularised bags called lungs are used by terrestrial forms for the exchange of gases. Fishes use gills while birds and mammals have lungs and amphibians use their moist skin to exchange gases.
(A) Assertion (A): Breathing is different from respiration.
Reason (R): Breathing is physical and respiration is biochemical.
(a) Both $A$ and $R$ are true and $R$ is the correct explanation of $A$.
(b) Both $A$ and $R$ are true and $R$ is not the correct explanation of $A$.
(c) $A$ is true but $R$ is false.
(d) A is false but R is true.
(B) Why is the mechanism of breathing different for different organisms?
(a) To meet their needs. (b) To help them adapt to their environment.
(c) To suit their mode of life. (d) All of the above
(C) What special name is given to the vascularised bags of terrestrial animals and vascularised structures of aquatic arthropods and molluscs?
(a) Gills and lungs respectively (b) Lungs and trachea respectively
(c) Lungs and gills respectively (d) Gills and trachea respectively
(D) How do lower invertebrates like sponges exchange gases?
(a) Diffusion (b) Osmosis (c) Breathing (d) Cuticle exchange
(E) Assertion (A): The larynx is called the sound box.
Reason (R): The larynx is a cartilaginous box that helps in sound production.
(a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A .
(b) Both $A$ and $R$ are true and $R$ is not the correct explanation of A .
(c) $A$ is true but $R$ is false.
(d) $A$ is false but $R$ is true.
Updated On 18th June 2025
Expert Explanation :
(A) (a) Both $A$ and $R$ are true and $R$ is the correct explanation of $A$
Explanation: Breathing is a physical process. It occurs through nose, lungs, etc. While respiration is a biochemical process that takes place in cells and cell organelles.
(B) (d) All of the above
Explanation: Mechanism of breathing varies among different groups of animals depending mainly on their habitats and level of organisation.
(C) (c) Lungs and gills respectively
Explanation: Special vascularised structures called gills (branchial respiration) are used by most of the aquatic arthropods and molluscs whereas vascularised bags called lungs (pulmonary respiration) are used by the terrestrial forms for the exchange of gases.
(D) (a) Diffusion
Explanation: Lower invertebrates like sponges, coelenterates, flatworms, etc., exchange $\mathrm{O}_2$ with $\mathrm{CO}_2$ by simple diffusion over their entire body surface.
(E) (a) Both $A$ and $R$ are true and $R$ is the correct explanation of $A$.
Explanation: The vocal cords are responsible for sound production. As the larynx houses the vocal cords it is called a voice box.
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