Explain zener diode as a voltage regulator.

Zener diode as a voltage regulator:
A Zener diode working in the breakdown region can serve as a voltage regulator. It maintains a constant output voltage even when input voltage $V_i$ or load current $I_L$ varies. Here, in this circuit the input voltage $\mathrm{V}_{\mathrm{i}}$ is regulated at a constant voltage, $\mathrm{V}_{\mathrm{z}}$ (Zener voltage) at the output represented as $\mathrm{V}_0$ using a Zener diode. The output voltage is maintained constant as long as the input voltage does not fall below $\mathrm{z}_{\mathrm{z}}$.

output voltage even when input voltage $\mathrm{V}_{\mathrm{i}}$ or load current $\mathrm{I}_{\mathrm{L}}$ varies. Here, in this circuit the input voltage $\mathrm{V}_{\mathrm{i}}$ is regulated at a constant voltage, $\mathrm{V}_{\mathrm{z}}$ (Zener voltage) at the output represented as $\mathrm{V}_0$ using a Zener diode. The output voltage is maintained constant as long as the input voltage does not fall below $\mathrm{Z}_{\mathrm{z}}$

When the potential developed across the diode is greater than $\mathrm{V}_{\mathrm{z}}$, the diode moves into the Zener breakdown region. It conducts and draws relatively large current through the series resistance $\mathrm{R}_{\mathrm{i}}$. The total current I passing through $R_i$ equals the sum of diode current $I_z$ and load current $I_L\left(I=I_z+I_L\right)$ It is to be noted that the total current is always less than the maximum Zener diode current.
Under all conditions $V_0=V_z$ Thus, output voltage is regulated.
Question 3.
Write down the concept in details of Integrated Chips (IC's) Integrated Chips
Answer:
An integrated circuit is also referred as an IC or a chip or a microchip. It consists of thousands to millions of transistors, resistors, capacitors, etc. integrated on a small flat piece of semiconductor material that is normally Silicon. Integrated circuits (ICs) are the keystone of modem electronics. With the advancement in technology and the emergence of Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) era it is possible to fit more aind more transistors on chips of same piece.

ICs have two main advantages over ordinary circuits: cost and performance. The size, speed, and capacity of chips have progressed enormously with the advancement in technology. Computers, mobile phones, and other digital home appliances are now made possible by the small size and low cost of ICs. ICs can function as an amplifier, oscillator, timer, microprocessor and computer memory.

These extremely small ICs can perform calculations and store data using either digital or analog technology. Digital ICs use logic gates, which work only with values of ones and zeros. A low signal sent to a component on a digital IC will result in a value of 0 , while a high signal creates a value of 1 .